출석 및 과제점검표(재택수업 스스로 점검하기)

학과:행정학과

학번:21823650

주(날짜)	출석(당일)	지각(해당주)	결석(그이후)	과제	비고
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8주차 중간고사
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기말고사
과제1(제출일자)				O
과제2((제출일자)				O
계

이름:김혜영

강의 요약 정리

1주차(1)

Writing and listening are most important things in English. The first name of computer is electronic calculating machine. When it comes to memory, human cannot win computer. In information society, human‘s brain must be developed and we have to coexist with AI.

1주차(2)

Today's class learned about the reverse subscription economy and pet raising tax. The "reverse subscription economy" means changing the system of the "subscription economy," which pays a certain subscription fee when utilizing the information needed on the Internet, and instead, companies that use the subscriber's personal information without permission.

2주차(1)

At the beginning of the class, the professor talked about youth and talked about what an old man was, and told us in advance what future generatioins would do. Therefore, he wanted to be an old man. and he mentioned the reverse supscription economy again, which he explained last time, and reviewed it told us that today's study should be done through the internet medium unlike in the past. he also explained the orgin by referring to BTS, a Korean Wave craze.

2주차(2)

Explaining the reverse subscription economy, the government intends to solve the employment difficulties of young people through the reverse subscription economy, citing the weakening of the market due to the development of the delivery business in the aftermath of COVID-19.
It emphasizes the importance of basic education and refers to the connection of food, clothing, and shelter based on this.
It refers to the international activities of Korea, and it is said that there was a metal type before bts.
It is necessary to teach young people to do what they want to do to solve the employment difficulties of young people, and to achieve what the older generation wants to do to future generations.
Exploring the reason, there are cases ‘where‘ individuals are not able to properly do what they want to do due to the characteristics of the development of community culture rather than individualistic culture.
Rather, the untact era can be an opportunity to promote an agricultural society and an eco-friendly era, and the era of artificial sun may also come.
It is said that while achieving untact urbanization, rural society must also be established together to create a way to live in the future.
In addition, it is intended to solve the problem of low birth rate and avoidance of military service by introducing the maternity bonus system and the military service bonus system.

3주차(1)

Starting with the concept and history of mathematics, the English literature professor shows a video showing math for living. What is artificial intelligence - unlike humans, the head of artificial intelligence that is countless times connected can be defined as mathematics.Mathematics is needed to know what is in artificial intelligence. Taking AlphaGo's victory over Lee Se-dol as an example, he stressed the need to grasp the inside of artificial intelligence.
Why study cities - urbanization rates are over 90% and most live in cities. In the past, he learned based on humanities and morality, but now he needs an education centered on computers.In order to study urban administration, the administrative area is expanding not only in the physical space of the city but also in the virtual space, and it is an era ‘where‘ individuals can do anything with computers.There are various perspectives on cities - first, political perspectives (views to maintain order) and second, economic perspectives (views representing cities). Among them, the economic perspective is the most important, and based on this, the economy of scale develops and the economy of aggregation grows. Third, there is a social perspective, which sees cities as an organism, and each element, especially people, is able to exchange information with each other, which is like a cell's life. The social perspective is thus a view that advocates sustainable development and sustainable change.Fourth, from an administrative perspective, the number of people living in rural areas is smaller than that of cities, and the distinction between rural and urban areas has become ambiguous theoretically.Fifth, from a functional perspective, cities are interdependent functions that focus on a closed perspective that focuses on geographical space, but basically on population movement and mobility.
As industrialization progressed more and more, our country was freed from hunger. Therefore, in line with the developing society, we should also learn how to use computers, and our own workplace should walk through the era of start-ups that we know how to create.

3주차(2)

This time will learn about the concept of the city. We learn he mention a major industrial revolution focused on studying, say it is difficult to study it in the age of information that does not in sight. Think of the past and now and what was different about comparing the differences and the professor is said to have the material abundance.But now, more and more evil and we will be hard to say that he will be. The reason is because greedy only the people of the material now.
We are therefore beneficial not only humans between humans and for the humanitarian cause is beneficial to all species should become human. Armed to the moral and creative relationships should have deotppuchi, this time.And tell me a definition of non-agricultural workers in the city, said urban facilities and explain about the city.

4주차(1)

The regional structure is empirical and realistic, and it has been argued mainly by early-stage geographers, and the spatial structure gradually focuses on the spatial relationship between these elements as well as the research of each element that constitutes the regional structure of the city. The regional structure of the city means the arrangement state or arrangement style of the elements constituting the city, and also means the relationship between each element and the whole. The primary unit that forms an economic spatial organization is individual economic locations, and these are characterized as the smallest economic areas. Such a regional structure forms an economic location according to the characteristics of different lands in land use, which is the starting point for the formation of regional structures. If economic locations with the same functions are concentrated in certain areas of the city to form multiple groups, e.g., restaurants, financiers, etc., and in other cases, certain economic locations, such as retail, can be found isolated between different types of economic locations.

4주차(2)

There are rows and columns in mathematics. There are rows and columns in artificial intelligence, which is called a set of mathematics. The city looks like a fan. This is how the population has changed and the economy has changed.
The current population is changing from a pyramid to an inverted pyramid. In addition, the reason for the fan shape is the vertical change from low density to high density from single-family residential areas to condominiums, and the horizontal expansion of houses in newly organized urban areas.
Taking Dongdaegu Station as an example, he talked about changes in the surrounding area. The reasons for the establishment of work areas around the city are the surge in the population around the city, the decline in the population and purchasing power of the city, and the development of shopping centers comparable to the city center.
As a result, residential areas gradually move from the city center to the outside corner. In the explanation of linear theory, he compared American cities to other cities, followed by criticism of them.
The concentric and linear theories of all central theories are based on mononuclear cities, but they argue that it is physically impossible for all cities to concentrate on the central core, and that the factors that stop the central core and separate urban functions work inside.
In other theories, multidimensional theory exists, which is the theory that there are many independent dimensions in social patterns within cities, many dimensions are mutually independent by the principle of factor analysis, and the resulting spatial patterns vary.

5주차(1)

The theory of urban growth and structure is examined, and there are rational models, representative plans, progressivism, etc. The establishment of a theory must ensure substance to improve reality, but it basically has four criteria -1. It must have a dynamic aspect to show how cities are structured and growing. 2. Empirical evidence must be able to be explained and proven. 3. It must be consistent with internal logic. 4, We must speak for the present situation.
Currently, residential areas account for the largest number of areas in the city, which vary from region to region, but are around 40 percent. In addition, the smaller the size of the city, the larger the proportion of residential areas. These forms exist separately depending on the type of residence, ownership, and location in the form of detached houses, multi-family houses, high-rise apartments, private houses, rental houses, etc.
There are four distinct characteristics regarding occupied land and residential location of residents in a city. -1. Not evenly distributed within a city. 2. Spatial differences in density within a city. 3. Physical and structural differences. 4. Housing quality. In the early stages of urban development, almost all residents will concentrically be located in the city center due to poor transportation facilities, and residential areas will change as transportation develops.
The movement of residential areas consists of immigrants from abroad and those from rural areas. They are mostly located in poor, uncertain jobs, and high employment opportunities such as port cities. This is sometimes called a "bad residential area."
The main reasons for gathering in cities include cheap housing, proximity to work, proximity to public transportation, and personal protection and safety.
The most representative characteristic of urban population density is that -Clack empirically finds that population density decreases exponentially with distance and is a primary sub-index curve on the graph. However, such curves do not appear in all cities, and in the case of the East, they appear in different ways.

5주차(2)

Human settlement is closely related to the stability of housing and the formation of villages, and the settlement system did not occur because people lived in a hunting society before agriculture developed. The obelisk is located in many parts of the West, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Spain, and Turkey, but the origin is Egypt. Western civilization began in Egypt and spread around the world, indicating ‘‘where‘‘ Western civilization began. Gojoseon in Korea formed a primitive city around the 2nd century B.C. Most of the places we learn are Western cities, and the Greek state has had a tremendous impact. Greece's biggest feature is its democratic nature.
The reason why there are no cultural properties in Korea is that part of the culture is made of wood. They are mostly wooden cultural properties that disappear as charcoal due to war or fire. Europe is almost a stone culture. Most European cultures are made of stone and the water quality is poor due to limestone, so mainstream cultures such as wine and beer have developed. Modern urban planning needs to reorganize the regional structure to overcome regional imbalances. In the future, it will be a sharing economy, a moral economy.

6주차(1)

The rapid economic growth since the 1960s has led to changes around the world.
Currently, Korea's urbanization is almost complete, and in terms of functionality, urbanization continues.
Due to the change of industrial society since the 1800s, the population exceeded 6 billion due to steady population growth from the 1800s to the 2000s due to the increase in average life expectancy and the explosion of birth rate. The urbanization of population began in Europe in the mid-19th century and moved to North America. Recently, it has been seen as a prominent phenomenon in Southeast Asia and Latin America, countries with high birth rates, low mortality, and low population sustainability in rural areas. In the case of South Korea, according to the first general survey in 1925, the city population was 850,000 and 3.41 million in 1944. Since then, the population of cities has doubled every 10 years, as the majority of citizens have lived in cities since the 2000s, following changes such as liberation and the withdrawal of Japan. As the population grows, urban problems such as air and water pollution, land shortages, loss of profits from agglomerations, welfare levels, and urban social pathology are emerging.
Examples of social pathology include the problem of the elderly, the problem of children's education, and the problem of solitary deaths due to the increase in the number of single-person households.
The relationship between urbanization and industrialization is difficult to explain uniformly, but industrialization with the development of industrial technology increases the demand for labor, and demand for labor causes population movement and promotes urbanization. When operating a factory or company, ScaleEconomy and AggregationEconomy occur, which can trigger urban growth or urbanization.
In Korea, 80 percent of the total population was rural until 1930, but in the 1990s, the urban population was close to 80 percent. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the urbanization rate has exceeded 90 percent. In particular, developed countries such as Japan and the United States have experienced Counter-Urbanization, a phenomenon of population J-turn or U-turn. Re-urbanization means that the population is concentrated in cities and dispersed into non-urban cities. It can be said that this trend has recently begun in Korea. However, measures are needed to deal with how society will change after COVID-19. Urbanization will occur and informatization will occur at the same time, but if you look at the cost of informatization, there will be no restriction on location due to the information product characteristics of informatization.

6주차(2)

Urbanization means population movement from rural areas to urban areas, and it means things about the way society accepts such changes. This means the process of forming a city or village or the process of living or working in a central city. Urbanization should be distinguished from urban growth, which means the proportion of people living in areas classified as cities. Urbanization is related to various fields such as public health, economy, and geography, including cities. The phenomenon has also been associated with modernity and industrialization. Urbanization is not just a modern phenomenon. It's a quick and historic phenomenon. The first phenomenon is that hunter-gatherers have been accumulated into villages.
Inthe case of the village's culture, characteristics are followed by pedigree, relationship, and community behavior. However, in the case of urban culture, it is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relationships, and competitivebeh avior.

7주차(1)

The existence of urban heat islands has been an increasing concern for years. Urban heat islands are formed when industries and urban areas produce and retain heat.
The occurrence of eutrophication in waters is another effect on the environment of many urban populations. Eutrophication is a process that causes algal blooms that can be harmful to hypoxia and to the survival of aquatic organisms.
Excessive growth of algae leads to a decrease in overall water quality and hinders the natural balance of aquatic ecosystems.
The rapid growth of the community creates new challenges for developed countries, and one such challenge is the increase in food waste, also known as urban food waste.
The accumulation of food waste increases fermentation, increasing the risk of rodent and insect migration. Increased movement of disease vectors makes the disease more likely to spread in humans.
Urbanization can have a great impact on biodiversity by causing habitat division.
Urbanization in developing countries does not lead to a significant increase in life expectancy.
Rapid urbanization has increased mortality from non-communicable diseases related to lifestyle, including cancer and heart disease. Urban health levels are better than rural areas on average.
But residents of poor urban areas, such as slums and informal residences, are disadvantaged over time due to the combination of illness, injury, premature death, and illness and poverty.
Urbanization has been shown to be linked to the consumption of less fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, as well as to the consumption of higher processed foods and sugary beverages.
Poor access to healthy food and high intake of fat, sugar and salt can be at high risk for obesity, diabetes and related chronic diseases.
In children, urbanization has a lower risk of undernutrition but a higher risk of being overweight

7주차(2)

(시간상 8주차(1)로 넘어감)

On the changes in urban society and space and policy tasks in the COVID-19 era.
Policy suggestions include strengthening urban planning considerations for basic living areas and actively accepting technological innovation accelerated by COVID-19 at the urban level so that daily necessities can be purchased within the walking zone.
The need for a systematic response to COVID-19.
- The economic and social crisis caused by COVID-19 is spreading around the world, and its impact requires the overall reorganization of the lifestyle of urban people, and the global spread of COVID-19 will have a direct impact on urban policy, urban planning, and design.
- Gather the power of collectivity to overcome national crises and fears and seek solutions to create a safe city from national disasters such as infectious diseases, predict future trends from the perspective of urban experts and present various countermeasures.
Read the flow of change.
- The crisis of public transportation, such as the blood vessels of the city, is the crisis of the industry due to changes in the method of using transportation, and the crisis of public transportation, which is an essential requirement for solving urban transportation problems.
the contraction of the sharing economy
- The 'sharing economy', which had been in the spotlight as an alternative to the concept of ownership of the mass production system, was immediately reduced.
Concerns over worsening quality of residents' participation and public opinion collection methods due to the expansion of non-face-to-face decision-making methods.
- Crisis of direct participatory decision-making.
- Contactless resident car, immature public opinion collection method.
Changes in the way you work reduce the demand for traditional office space.
- Accelerate changes in the way you work as telecommuting expands.
- Demand for white-collar office space is expected to decrease.
Decreased sales of restaurants and entertainment establishments and shrinking demand for space.
- Kolon COVID-19 is a rapid growth inducement of food industry.
- There are problems in hygiene, and higher accessibility in terms of low accessibility.
Accelerate the change of logistics distribution project, acceleration of logistics distribution projects.
- Loss of competitiveness of large distribution companies.
Increase the need to install new facilities for installation, and operating standards for installation.
- A new installation of high risk vulnerable groups and groups.
- It is necessary to prepare for new urban planning and management standards corresponding to COVID-19.
The basic direction of urban policies should be faithful to the basic principles of urban policy promotion, and the central government should actively accept the role of urban planning system, and establish a smooth cooperative system. In addition, countermeasures include expanding utilization rates by expanding investment to strengthen public transportation and services, establishing standards to respond to changes in land use demand, and developing digital citizen participation communication technology.

9주차(1)

Changes in urban social space and policy in the COVID-19 era continue. COVID-19 provides unprecedented experiences and requires attempts to solve urban problems from a new perspective, so groups

The need to gather the power of intelligence and respond systematically increases.

As the crisis of public transportation, shrinking sharing economy, expanding non-face-to-face decision-making, and changing work and lifestyle reduces demand for traditional office spaces, restaurants, and entertainment facilities, new facilities are required, and urban planning is set to strengthen the publicity and legitimacy of urban planning.

In addition, as a long-term measure based on the premise that infectious diseases become indigenous, it minimizes disruptions in urban functions such as urban blockade

It is necessary to prepare an urban management method, and it should contribute to resolving the deepening polarization in the digital economic era through consideration of the economically and socially disadvantaged in terms of urban policy, planning, and design.

9주차(2)

It is recalled that it is practically impossible to solve transportation problems in large cities without activating public transportation by improving access to basic public and private services and expanding investment to strengthen quarantine and service by actively utilizing closed stores or idle public facilities. It is necessary to establish new management standards to cope with changes in land use and facility use, to establish and operate facilities that can systematically respond to land use areas and infectious diseases, and to actively accept technological innovation accelerated by COVID-19, but to expand communication using various online methods.

10주차(1)

GIS should first think about geography. I need to know ‘where‘ it is, why it is there, why I should care. We also need to have location data, data size, and data presentation. Information systems in geography can be defined as GIS. This refers to all information related to spatial location. Geographic locations, information, systems, and people are combined to form them. GIS has the function of displaying, manipulating, and analyzing spatial data. The databases included here are not easy to understand. However, it is much easier to understand by visualizing the attribute table and displaying the map. For example, there are two methods of visualizing data: a mosaic raster method and a vector method that shows excellent resolution colors. You can also combine various data.GIS digitalizes and scans maps and includes GPS data. Maps and databases interact. Several databases may be connected and related. The use of GIS includes emergency services, environmental use, business use, industrial use, political use, and educational use. Examples of daily uses in our lives include map apps, taxi apps, and bus apps. It can also be marked with virtual reality, and it is useful for looking at the direction in which a disaster moves in the event of a disaster. You can also look at future trends.

10주차(2)

The data structure and characteristics of GIS consist of a specific 'data' and 'information', which is a meaning derived from one or more data, rather than a simple set of numbers. First of all, there is location data as a classification of information, which is also divided into relative location data in the model space and absolute location data in the actual space. Second, there is characteristic information, such as numerical description of a map shape, graphic data representing a specific element of a map, image information representing image or photographic information numerically, and attribute information representing the characteristics and quality of a map. The characteristics of vector data are that it expresses spatial data by points, lines, and planes, and can manage data by object, and is used in systems that require precise management because it is advantageous in forming a phase structure. The advantages of vector data are similar to the actual shape of the map, high spatial accuracy, and generally small storage space, and the disadvantages are that it has a complex structure and requires a high level of technology, so the construction cost is high. The characteristics of Leicester data include storing and managing data in cells or pixels, having a structure similar to that of photos, and being easily acquired through scanning. The advantages of Leicester data include simple structure, easy analysis, and relatively low-level technology, and the disadvantages are that the data capacity is large despite its low spatial accuracy and low resolution.
The characteristic of the SURFACE data is that the surface is modeled using altitude values in addition to the x and y plane positions. In the setting of phase relationships, phase structures are characterized by complex elements in connectivity, proximity, area determination, and simple elements.
The characteristics of the GIS-related data management structure consist of a plane structure, a hierarchical structure, an organizational network structure, and a relationship structure.

11주차(1)

The background of planning theory is that the Mass era disappears and the era of production, distribution, and consumption of various unique products to meet consumer demand, and in this case, the plan is converted to cooperative Govmance. In addition, it is transitioning to an era ‘‘‘where‘‘‘ infinite sharing and spilover of information are possible. The logical background of the concept of reclamation is as follows. First, planning stems from the pursuit of human rationality (digital economy in the information society). Second, humans have limitations in recognizing truth. Third, the plan itself has no effect, and the problem cannot be solved because the plan has been prepared. Fourth, planning is an area that deals with unknown facts and is a process of trying to know unknown facts. Finally, the plan motivates according to human needs, and the content range function is determined by the subject who executes the plan. The academic background of planning theory is as follows. First, it is based on social norms or morality. Second, epistemology; is based on knowledge accumulated by human experience, and establishes a planning philosophy on a causal basis. In other words, it is linked to the information input/output process, data collection analysis, and processing. The concept of planning in the planning theory is a series of procedures, and it can be said that it is a process of determining appropriate future behavior through a series of choices. There are three stages of ‘‘‘select‘‘‘ion: exit first and ‘‘‘select‘‘‘ criteria. Second, identify a set of alternatives with this general perspective and choose the alternatives you want. Finally, there are action guidelines for determined purposes. Looking at the environment surrounding the plan, individuals have preferences, behave accordingly, and have diverse preferences, and the set of individual preferences may not be the same as social preferences (welfare issues). Goods are produced, and services, including labor, are performed under the constraint of a reduction in profits set at a given level, and resources are scarce and consequently production is limited. Plans also typically consist of fluidly interrelated parts. Any action results in additional repercussions for such a system. Finally, humans operate with incomplete knowledge. He is also often illogical, or at least ‘‘‘where‘‘‘ some of his perceived values conflict with each other.

11주차(2)

The purpose of the plan is efficiency, fairness and rational measures, the role of socialism, and
There is a change of choice and an expansion. There are five characteristics of the plan: first, achievement of purpose, second, exercise of choice, third, future-oriented, fourth, implementation, and finally comprehensive. Looking at the process of planning consists of value formation, average identification, and effectiveness. These are necessary and sufficient steps to form a plan.
Forming values in planning, identifying means, and identifying effects are the big framework of the process. The present and future are the utilization of the existing physical space, as well as the utilization of the infinite broadband of cyber land and space.
Once you enter the classification of plans, plans are divided into functional classifications and are classified into social plans and spatial plans according to the nature of public plans. The planning process consists of eight steps, first, problem identification, third goal setting, fourth alternative setting, fifth feasibility analysis, sixth uation, seventh final plan ‘‘‘select‘‘‘ion, and then execution.

12주차(1)

The basic concept of urban planning refers to plans for land use, transportation, sanitation, water and sewage, park green areas, etc. to promote the sound development of cities and promote public well-being and public welfare. The purpose of urban planning is to promote the sound development of cities and contribute to the promotion of public well-being and public welfare by stipulating necessary matters for the formulation, determination, and execution of urban plans for the construction, maintenance, and measurement of cities. In a narrow sense, it refers to urban development plans, legal urban plans, etc., and in a broad range, it includes regional plans, local development plans, etc. There is a national land plan in the aforementioned social plan and spatial plan, and the national land plan aims to improve the productivity of the national land and improve the quality of life of the people. National land plans are divided into national plans, specific regional plans, metropolitan area plans, provincial plans, and military plans, and there are district-level plans below them.
The nature of urban planning is divided into urban basic plans that present urban development and future prospects, and urban management plans that impose specific development directions and regulations on the basis of the basic plan.
As a change in urban planning, it was separated and enacted from the Joseon Urban Planning Decree to the Urban Planning Act and the Building Act in 1962 to solve urban problems such as economic poverty and lack of housing, transportation, and infrastructure in the 1960s. In addition to the Joseon Urban Planning Ordinance, the Urban Planning Act provides an institutional mechanism to determine urban planning through the resolution of the Central Urban Planning Committee. In the 1970s, new urban plans were needed due to economic growth and urban growth due to industrialization, and the Urban Planning Act was completely revised in 1971 to prevent the flat spread of disordered cities. In addition, in the 1980s, in March 1981, it was drastically revised to compensate for the problems caused by rapid economic growth. In the 1990s: March 1993, due to urban development and diversification, the use area and district were divided into 13 use areas, 13 use areas, 13 use areas, conservation, parking lot maintenance, airport, facility protection, apartment design, entertainment, and delayed settlement areas. The zones are divided into specific facility restriction zones, urbanization adjustment zones, detailed planning zones, wide-area planning zones, development restriction zones, and development scheduled zones.

12주차(2)

Future cities have a need for national competitiveness, new urban policies according to environmental changes, and low-carbon green growth. Our city currently has pending issues such as population decline, weak quality of living, and weakening of the urban economy base, so it should be changed into a new urban policy paradigm. The vision and goals of the future city can be seen in four main ways, and this is set as a vital city, a living city, a cultural city, and a green city. First of all, the goal is to establish a vibrant city by creating a vibrant and competitive city and a core industrial base in the future through regeneration, and to raise the standard of living environment to create a better urban environment for the socially disadvantaged and also a convenient public transportation-based city. In addition, the goal is to create a more attractive city, practice low-carbon life, and cultivate forests by expressing cultural contents and regional characteristics suitable for urban characteristics with beautiful scenery.

13주차(1)

In order to establish urban competitiveness and new urban policy directions, we have a need to establish future urban vision. Current issues in our city include a decrease in population, a weak quality of living environment, and a weakening of the urban economic base. This should be transformed into a new paradigm of urban policy with growth, convenience, identity, and environmental characteristics. The future city has a vision of a vibrant and pleasant first-class city, and it exists as a vital city, a living city, a cultural city, and a green city, which are the four major goals. It aims to create a competitive and vibrant city, a vibrant city that creates a future industrial base, a city ‘where‘ the socially disadvantaged can live, a living city that creates convenient and safe public transportation, a cultural city that suits each city and region, and a green city that practices low-carbon life and creates a safe city from disasters and crimes.

13주차(2)

When we want to create a smart city, we must first create smart transportation as a platform for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Smart cities are created by building infrastructure, data hubs, and services in the order of infrastructure, and autonomous driving and smart roads should be built on a trial basis by associating smart transportation in building infrastructure. When smart roads are built, we can see real-time maps through precise GPS, and in addition, we will be able to get a lot of help in improving roads such as communication between vehicles and identifying obstacles on the road.
If the maintenance on the road is completed, smart transportation in the sky will also be provided, which is played by drones. It plans to play the role of autonomous aircraft by growing the functions of drones from personal autonomous flight aircraft to unmanned aircraft.
In addition, industries such as cutting-edge construction industries, zero energy for new buildings, digital land, smart airports, and smart logistics can be developed.