출석 및 과제점검표(재택수업 스스로 점검하기)

학과:행정학과

학번:21905552

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과제1(제출일자)				O
과제2((제출일자)
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이름:허지수

강의 요약 정리

1주차(1)

At a time when the subscription economy is becoming more active, if the reverse subscription economy, which is considered the opposite, is gradually in full swing, it will be possible to resolve the wider digital gap. Furthermore, the introduction of a “reverse subscription start-up system” will reduce job worries among young people, which will serve as a shortcut for Korea to become a leading country. In modern society, the number of single-person households living with pets is rapidly increasing as well as the declining birthrate and aging population. If the welfare justice tax and the pet child support tax are established as a solution to this problem, it will be an important policy tool to cope with population extinction and national extinction beyond securing funds for raising children and effectively managing and protecting pets.

1주차(2)

Future study is to combine knowledge of the Internet with the ideas in my head so that others can use them well. In addition, students will give lectures at schools, and professors will discuss the presentation of students. We can study the reverse subscription start-up system and creative tools armed with mathematics and creativity here. For example, there is a reverse subscription economy that allows individuals to receive the price of using data instead of allowing individuals to subscribe to their data to the government. In the reverse subscription economy, the government should prepare a “reverse subscription start-up system” in which the central and local governments guarantee monthly income in return for using data when young people start their own businesses. Through this system, we will be able to make a decisive contribution to solving the employment problem of young people.

2주차(1)

In the post-corona era, we are carrying out a major industrial and urban transformation. Capitalism has gradually shifted from a market economy to a subscription economy and from a subscription economy to a reverse subscription economy, and is developing into a better shape. As new technologies and policies to cope with COVID-19 were boldly introduced, the problem of youth unemployment and inequality became more serious. To solve this problem, however, a system is being created to help young people expand their dreams and live properly, such as the youth pension system, the youth start-up system, and the reverse subscription system. After experiencing Corona, Korean society has changed into an untact technology-oriented society. In order to prevent infection by contact, all cities will be operated based on smart platforms due to the spread of untact technology such as telecommuting, remote teaching, telemedicine, and home delivery services. Based on this, schools will have to push ahead with a curriculum in which students, not professors, present, discuss, and run programs. If society before Corona was a pyramid structure, society after the digital transformation is changing to a sand clock structure that eliminates the intermediate distribution process. In other words, we have to climb to the top of the sand clock structure. Examples include opening YouTube instead of running a manufacturing business or creating your own website. Whether the advent of the untact and eco-friendly era will serve as an opportunity for the Korean economy to take another leap forward or a crisis will have to be watched. I don’t know what kind of society our society will build in the future, but I think a new nomad society that benefits from moving to rural areas can be one way. In the future, both the capabilities of the digital age and the capabilities of the industrial society should be strengthened.

2주차(2)

We are living in an era of job instability. The reason for this is that the number of individual companies increased and each person started various businesses. On the contrary, people who did not start a business gathered in the middle class due to their job structure, and the competition rate increased and the unemployment rate gradually increased. Our occupational structure must be changed from pyramid structure to jar structure, from jar structure to inverted pyramid structure.

Currently, the middle management class in the social structure is disappearing. But we are desperate to get to that insecure little middle class. In recent years, the rise in the popularity of civil servants in their professions is proof that everything in society has become unstable. To overcome this, we must all make sustainable changes. As an example, you have to go to the position of the person who makes AI work in any field. The method of studying must change fundamentally, and math is a key element here. The fundamental reason why we listen to classes is that we should be able to create our own workplace armed with creativity. What is needed is a government-sponsored youth pension, data pension, and reverse subscription start-up system. Since the era of digital transformation, we should think more about how to live and learn more about it. In the not-too-distant future, YouTube will be transformed into a three-dimensional system, which will be used by all companies and stores, and the three-dimensional system will be applied in all other areas. In this way, we should study hard in line with changes in future society. Physical strength is also important, and one should clearly find one’s own creativity and individuality that is different from others. If the world comes where you work as little as possible and study until you die, you will be able to live happier. We must create an era where we can expand our dreams and ambitions to the fullest in line with the era of great change.

3주차(1)

For students, studying has many meanings, such as expanding their dreams, having a safe workplace, and living a rich life. Studying is not everything in life, but it is best to study unless you dream of an accurate future. Of all the studies, we need to study mathematics. The reason is to find out what’s in AI’s head. In order to lead AI, we must learn math without giving up. At the same time, we must studying urban administration and urban concepts. Urban administration focuses on various public activities that occur in geographical locations, and in order to study urban administration, an understanding of the concept of administration and the concept of city is required at the same time.

Cities can be viewed from a variety of perspectives, political aspect, economic aspect, social aspect, administrative aspect and functional aspect. First, from a political aspect, cities will focus on the high density and large-scale elements of the population and will function as official control mechanisms to maintain order. As a component of the city's structure, it will function to control urban problems such as housing, transportation, and the environment that arise in the human resources and geographical space as citizens. Next is the economic aspect. In the most representative perspective on the creation of cities, cities are created by the spatial concentration of activities among the actors of economic activity, and cities are created and grown by economy of scale and agglomeration economy.

Furthermore, based on the theory of balance, the market will develop at the center, and the pattern of economic activity will be determined step by step. Although proper location is a very important factor, economy of scale and agglomeration economy are difficult to operate in agricultural society, so they will never be done. From a social aspect, cities are considered an organism in which various activities occur in an orderly manner, and each element, especially people, can exchange information with each other. This is the same as the life of a cell, and even if the cell is produced and disappeared, the organism exists, and the city grows, develops, and declines. The earth will not end only if sustainable change is abandoned, and mankind will not be destroyed only if we create a world in harmony with nature. Administrative aspects categorize cities according to general standards. In terms of population size, the proportion of people engaged in non-agricultural fields is relatively high, and if it is divided into physical characteristics, the city is an area with a population of more than 50,000 administratively. Finally, it is a functional aspect. Cities set importance on closed views focused on geographic space, but cities basically focus on population mobility and mobility, which will perform interdependent functions. In fact, some cities are expanded to the point where they are adjacent to each other to form the concept of mega cities. In Korea, the metropolitan areas of Incheon, Suwon, and Seoul are cooperating, while the rest of Ulsan, Busan, Masan, and Changwon are cooperating. With the development of information technology, cities are gradually being reorganized into cities with new characteristics suitable for the global village era. It is now an age where all information can be easily found on mobile phone monitors. The integration of cities and counties and the recent reorganization of administrative districts show a shift from the era of national competitiveness to the era of urban competitiveness. A city is a place where many people gather to do economic activities and live. Lewis Mumford, today’s leading urban philosopher, also asked in “City History” what a city is and defined the concept of a city according to people, in some cases and by the times. The era of convergence has come in earnest, and recently it has become a city of industrial convergence, including the convergence of agricultural, industrial and commercial industries. Looking at cities that are developing further in this way, we must continue to develop ourselves. Since we are a people who have inherited the spirit of Hongik, we can say that we are the most competitive young people in the world. From now on, rather than competing with each other, we should cooperate and work together to create a happy and vibrant society with songs and dances.

3주차(2)

The era we live in has evolved from the agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution and from the industrial revolution to the information revolution. However, not only the information revolution, but also the mind revolution must be accomplished and ethics and creativity must be fostered. All mankind should be changed so that they can inherit the spirit of Hongik and live a life that benefits humans widely. Since the principles of Hongik human beings are basically entered in our people, there is a mind revolution in everyone’s DNA. Therefore, from now on, not only ethics and mathematics, but also creativity must be armed to get a job and start a business. As an example, the Korean Wave needs to expand beyond K-pop to K-economy. Also, if we develop the sun that we can carry around through the theory of feng shui, we will become a society that will become more the spotlight in the future. The ‘do’ of a city means a place where many people live together, and the ‘city’ of a city means a market where goods are bought and sold. In a nutshell, this refers to a place where many people who engage in economic activities gather to live together. Now that the era of convergence is coming, we must further develop our speaking and writing skills than before. Based on this, if you study various things such as homepage, YouTube, and broadcasting production for four years at university, you will be able to start a business and get a job better. Korea, which is still taking the College Scholastic Ability Test, is showing a way of education that has not progressed further since the Industrial Revolution. The confiscation of mobile phones at schools is just a memorization test, and the most important creative test is not even conducted. From now on, it is necessary to proceed with the integrated study of all subjects, instead of studying for each subject, taking the exam, and scoring. The ‘city’ in Korea is defined as having an urban form with a population of more than 50,000 and the ‘eup’ as having an urban form with a population of more than 20,000. Generally speaking, when referring to a city, it means ‘city’ or more, and when calculating the urbanization rate, it means ‘eup’ or more than a town. Therefore, a new administrative district ‘gu’ will be created when a small city and a population of more than 500,000. In rural areas, the aging population is getting worse than in cities. This could lead to the disappearance of the country if the local government disappears and the situation worsens. To prevent such a situation, we must create a happy world so that young people’s security and satisfaction with their lives increases. Recently, it has become difficult to distinguish between urban and rural areas, and various changes have been shown, such as connecting them or forming a interface zone between urban and rural areas. Cities are an extremely complex agglomeration and constantly changing, but the three common components that remain the same are citizens, activities, land and facilities. From a static perspective, the nature of cities can be collective, nodular, and non-agricultural. First of all, if you look at the collective nature of cities, they are a large population and are diverse in size, but they generally consist of more than 2,500 or 10,000 people. Various economic and social activities are possible based on economy of scale and agglomeration economy generated by collectivization. Next, nodularity refers to the characteristics that include central functions in the core region of the regional structure. This will mainly serve as a central or nuclear function of the economy, society, culture, and politics. In other words, as the population is concentrated, it becomes the focus of attention of residents inside and outside the city, and the come and go is frequent. It is also a place to exchange goods, services, etc. and is frequently engaged in activities, creating new values. Finally, non-agriculturality also includes anonymity, heterogeneity, and ease of movement. This explains that cities act as melting pot. Students at Daegu University will have to jump into the melting pot of study and become new steel if they don’t know where to jump. From now on, through the era of convergence, everything will be reasonably integrated, including the convergence of study, industrial convergence, and human ability convergence. In order to create a truly happy era, we must upgrade from the information revolution to the mind revolution that values morality and creativity, and live with everyone, not alone.

4주차(1)

We had considerable difficulty grasping the inner structure of the city without flying. However, with the advent of satellites that meet this requirement, cities can be observed from the sky. AI and IOT, which are key elements in the fourth industry, can be connected to space through satellites beyond connecting people and objects. And now we can easily access all of these things with mobile phones. It is necessary to examine the internal regional structure of the city in more detail here. Inside the city, commercial, industrial, residential, and business areas of different characteristics gather to form one urban area. Regional structures are not simple combinations of natural, social, and historical functions, but they functionally work together to perform one new function. In other words, the regional structure of the city refers to the relationship between the elements that make up the urban domain and the whole. Looking at the regional differentiation and regional structure of cities, regional differentiation of cities acts as functional regional differentiation. The primary unit of economic spatial organization is the individual economic location, which has the characteristics of forming the smallest economic region. For example, individual stores with the same characteristics will gather to form a commercial area. Regional differentiation is the starting point of the regional structure, which means spatial culture such as commercial and residential areas, and urban regional differentiation is the process of locational differentiation in which various urban facilities appear on the surface. In addition, urban functions show concentration and decentralization. In the case of concentration, economic locations with the same functions such as restaurants and financial districts gather in a specific area in the city to form a large number of assemblies. Conversely, when dispersed, certain economic locations, such as retail, can be found isolated between different types of economic locations. If Daegu University becomes the end of subway lines 1 and 2, it will become the center of Daegu Gyeongbuk area, which is explained as a concentration of urban functions. Studying urban administration gives you the ability to distinguish which areas are developable and which are not. Cities are the production locations of secondary and tertiary industries, and at the same time, they are a collection of consumption locations. There are homogeneous areas such as residential and commercial areas that must occupy a certain size of space, and nodular areas that functionally combine with other areas, mainly CBD, and have one city as a whole. A typical example is the Banwoldang underground shopping mall in Dongseong-ro, Daegu. From now on, the area outside of Seoul will also develop the area around the station. Burgess scholar’s theory of concentric circles will be based on “the growth of the city” in 1925, and will conduct a fact-finding survey in Chicago, the United States. As a result, it was found that the growth of large cities was accompanied by the expansion of cities. A total of six enlargement processes were presented, and the concentric forms formed in the five regions were first described. These include the Central Business District (CBD), the Interface Zone, the Workers’ Housing Zone, the Middle and High-Level Residential Areas, and the Commuter Zone. Second, when dividing the zones into the inner and outer regions, we find that the inner regions tend to expand the region by invading the outer regions. Third, the process of expanding urban growth is not only an intrusion and transfer process, but also a concentration and decentralization, and thus a process of reorganizing some parts of the city into a centralized or centralized system. Fourth, changes in cities can vary depending on social organization or human form. Fifth, urban expansion differentiates or rearranges individuals and groups by place of residence or occupation. Finally, urban growth expands mobility. Just as the waves spread when you throw stones into the river, the city center will expand more and more. Through this learning, we can realize how the inner structure of the city is formed, developed, maintained, and survived. In the future, it would be much easier to understand the inner structure of the city if it had the ability to expand its narrow perspective and observe the surrounding environment in the future.

4주차(2)

The heart of our body is connected to arteries and venous capillaries without interruption. Thanks to this, the whole body’s blood circulates smoothly and lives a healthy life. In this way, Korea’s expressways can gain wisdom from blood vessels in the body. A road system should be established to ensure the development of highways throughout the country by referring to the steady flow of blood. In fact, all expressways are structured to get to Seoul quickly, and a very limited number of interchanges are formed in the center of a large city, creating bottlenecks like blood vessels suffering from arteriosclerosis every time they pass through it. Therefore, small and medium-sized cities and farming and fishing villages in rural areas are designed to be inaccessible, which leads to the decline of small cities and rural areas. However, such problems could be improved if the high-speed railway plays a role in getting to the metropolitan area quickly and increases the number of lanes in areas where interchange is located in the metropolitan area. We must develop an eye for cities to solve other problems that arise one after another. If you want to study urban administration, you have to visit the site and learn it. In the past, we learned geography by memorizing a whole book, but now we can check geography by turning programs conveniently on computers. If you observe our school, you can connect the road from Daegu National University’s three-way street to the main building and build Daegu-daero. The Hyot scholar linear theory, contrary to the concentric circle theory, raised the theory in 1939 that the regional structure of residential areas in urban interior areas can be identified as a fan-shaped linear structure. Unlike concentric theory, linear theory only uses Residential land uses as an analytical indicator. The largest residential area in urban areas was divided into high, middle and low areas. Harris and Ulman scholar criticized concentric circle theories and linear theories in 1945 and argued for multi-core theories. This explains that it is physically impossible for all urban functions to be concentrated in the central core, and that factors are acting inside the city to stop the central core and separate the urban functions. The separation factors include the fact that the core is the High lands, that the center of urban activities depends on the use of intercity transportation and land space, and that different urban activities are distributed and similar functions are concentrated in one place. These factors claim to form several nuclei in the city. In 1965, a Simmons scholar proposed a multidimensional theory that the internal structure of a city can be grasped in three dimensions in a research paper called “Technical Model for Urban Land Use.” As a result of Factor Analysis on Social Variables by Census tract within the city, it has been proved that there are many independent dimensions in social patterns within the city. Many dimensions are independent of each other according to the principle of factor analysis, and the resulting spatial patterns vary from social class to urbanization to race or such as distribution by ethnic. The Japanese of multidimensional theory scholar Ishinokubu’s summary explains that although concentric, linear, and multi-core theories all describe cities in a landscape sense, but explains that cities need to be understood as a dynamic process. As the number of Southeast Asian workers who come to Korea to work increases, it is necessary to create a global village era by forming various new urban forms such as Indian and Vietnamese streets where they can enjoy together.

5주차(1)

From now on, there should be professors who teach AI in all majors, regardless of university majors.

We must create a society armed with morality and creativity and become a person who makes AI work. We can examine the theories about urban growth and structure that supports the inner structure of the city. The establishment of a theory must not only be a search for knowledge of truth, but also ensure the substance in which results can be obtained in order to improve reality by applying the theory. There are basically four specific criteria for this purpose. First, theory must have a dynamic aspect to show how cities are structured and growing. Second, theories must be able to account for empirical evidence and must be proven. Third, theory must be consistent with internal logic. Finally, fourthly, theory must represent phenomena. A paper must be proved, and if it is not proved, it is only luck. There are a total of five theories about urban growth, first of all, a communications theory approach to urban growth. Meier conceptualized cities in terms of interaction that allowed humans to maintain communication with their peers. Transportation and communication technology act as major media in urban development. The second is the a framework emphasizing human interaction. M. Weber also sees human interaction as a fundamental concept of urban structure and growth, one of which is divided into “Place Community” and “Non-place Community.”

Third, a conceptual system focusing on urban form. Lynch and Rodwin sees cities as a chosen space for human activity and a “Flow system” for dealing with human and commodity flows. Fourth, Accessibility Concepts and Urban Structure. Gutterberg uses the concept of accessibility to see cities as a transportation concept, which he sees as “Community Effort” to overcome distance. Finally, the fifth one is Economy models of special structure. Wingo is spatially arranged according to the principle of minimum cost according to the law of demand and supply of market mechanism in economic theory. Next, if you look at the residential structure of cities, residential areas account for the largest number of areas in urban areas. These areas vary from region to region, but they are around 40 percent, and the smaller the size of the city, the larger the proportion of residential areas.

Each residential area provides an appropriate residential space for urban residents according to their respective residential form, location and characteristics. In general, housing proceeds in a direction that favors self-ownership, but not all urban residents can satisfy this purpose. Since home ownership in cities is greatly influenced by income and race, we must create their areas for ethnic minorities. For example, it would be better to create a Vietnamese town for Vietnamese who come to Korea and live there. The residential areas of the city can be seen through the zoning, succession, and internal residential areas, and the continuous changes in the household unit can be seen. As an example of this process, if young people get married, move to other areas, or move to different areas depending on their work places, the urban structure will change accordingly. The zoning of urban residential areas has four characteristics in relation to the occupied land and residential location of residents in the city. First, they are not evenly distributed within cities, and secondly, there are spatial differences in density within cities. Third, they show differences in physical and structural forms, and finally fourthly, they show differences in housing quality. The succession process of the residential area is that if someone moves from the original house to a better house, the person who lived in a worse environment moves in. The residential areas in the city are increasingly composed of foreign immigrants and rural residents as people who originally lived move their homes move to other areas.

Their characteristics are that they are mostly poor and their jobs are uncertain, and most of them will be located in parts of the metropolitan area where employment opportunities are high, such as port cities. From now on, we must go beyond urban regeneration to create a society that has developed further through the revitalization of public corporations and economic revitalization. Furthermore, housing should be a reactionary property, not real estate. Generally, housing is called real estate, and the supply must be real estate in a strict sense, but demand is movable property because funds can come from anywhere. Therefore, housing is a reactionary property in terms of asset mobility. High housing prices in Seoul, the metropolitan area, and large cities begin by expecting an increase in asset value rather than being affected by actual housing demand. Housing can prevent the high price of houses in large cities by moving away from the logic of demand and supply of general products and approaching them with the concept of reactionary property and converting them into passbook houses along with demand management policies. Through this, the housing price problem in the Seoul metropolitan area can be drastically improved, and it will serve as a stepping stone for youth to bloom by contributing to the formation of a happy society.

5주차(2)

We can see how the city has progressed and how it will change in the future. First of all, from the perspective of the formation of primitive residential villages, human settlement was closely related to the stability of housing and the formation of villages, and this settlement system did not occur before agriculture developed. In the Neolithic Period, only Mesopotamia and the Nile were able to farm in the ancient Orient region, and urban states began to be established by the Ham people around 4000 BC. This was gradually unified, and around 3000 BC, a unified dynasty was formed in Memphis. In Mesopotamia, Sumerians moved to the two rivers around 3200 BC to build city-states, create snow-shaped characters, and develop bronze culture. In the Indian region, around 3000 BC, a city-state was formed during the combined use of gold and stone. In the case of China, large villages could be found in Henan Province, and in the case of Korea, ancient Korea formed a primitive urban form around the 2nd century BC. Next, we will examine the transition process of Western cities in detail. First, the Greek city state is a self-governing city with a democratic nature, and the classic democratic system is embodied in urban planning, with the city square Agora and grid-shaped street network. Except for Athens, the entire city has a population of about 10,000, and is divided into the city center and the countryside by the wall. Second, the city plan of the Roman Empire is based on the city plan of Greece. If Greece is interested in beauty and defense ports and fertile soil in urban construction, Rome is interested in pavement of roads, water supply, and sewage. In Korea, most of the buildings except Seokguram are made of wood, and the temple and its related culture have disappeared due to many wars and exploitation. Most medieval cities are located in mountains, forming solid adults, usually circular in shape, consisting of castles and moats, and representative cities are Calcason in France and Nordlingen in Germany. The main form of the city was the church square, which was used as a market square, and it was built radially, and residential areas were located along the path. The Renaissance city was constructed with a new form of castle with more practical salient and fortress than the walls of the past due to the fundamental paradigm change in spatial structure and the development of new weapons. These cities are characterized by closed fortifications, and the common people are octagonal, molded, and pentagonal, but the interior is lattice-shaped or radioactive street network-shaped. Alberti proposed an ideal polygonal city, and Leonardo da Vinci divided the city into three tiers: lower, middle and upper. Back to modern city planning, major cities, including the Seoul metropolitan area, coexist with areas with relatively functional facilities and underdeveloped areas with insufficient urban facilities due to excessive population concentration and lack of infrastructure. In order to overcome such regional imbalances and for cities to grow in the desired direction, the regional structure needs to be reorganized. With the unexpected emergence of COVID-19, cities will make more changes, and cities will continue to change unless it is over. Such city laws reflect the situation of the times well and accept the form demanded by the times. It is unclear whether the future of cities will be more sensationalized, or whether they will be stagnant due to the emergence of more powerful infectious diseases and the climate crisis. However, we can expect infinite development over current technology. For example, it is to realize a virtual real world where you can feel the common characteristics of coexistence of virtual space and real space. The economy will gradually change from a market economy to a shared economy and from a shared economy to a subscription economy, and the untact era will come. In the future, since it is an era where you can go anywhere and work with information, you will have to collect more information and make it your own.

6주차(1)

Today’s class will look into urbanization. We will examine how the era of urbanization was formed, what problems occurred, and what kind of development has been achieved. The process of rapid economic growth since the 1960s may be characterized by the progress of urbanization worldwide. In other words, urbanization concentrates capital and population in large cities and involves the outwardly expansion of cities. At the same time, early urbanization brought central management functions into the city center, reduced the resident population, and advanced the expansion of suburban areas. In Korea, urbanization is almost complete, and first of all, urbanization has been almost done externally, but urbanization continues to occur in terms of function. The trend toward urbanization in the world has led to an explosion of life expectancy and fertility rates due to the concentration of urban population and the development of science and technology in the industrial society since the 1800s. As a result, the population exceeded 500 million in the 1800s, 1.6 billion in 1900, 2.5 billion in 1950 and 5 billion in 1990, and the population exceeded 6 billion in the 2000s. Urban centralization of population began in Europe in the mid-19th century and moved to North America, and has recently emerged as a prominent phenomenon in Southeast Asia and Latin America.

The high birth rates and low mortality rates in these countries, as well as the low population sustain ability in rural areas, have resulted in faster population migration to large cities. According to the first survey conducted in 1925, Korea’s urban population was 850,000 and 3.41 million in 1944. After liberation, the population of South Korea’s cities increased to 2.38 million in 1946, 6.99 million in 1960 and 27.18 million in 1985. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the majority of people have lived in cities, and the city population has doubled every decade. As a result, the government has failed to come up with appropriate measures to prevent the population from concentrating in cities without planning, causing various urban problems have emerged. Early urbanization causes various side effects, but we can first examine the problems caused by feng shui. Facilities are difficult to locate due to lack of available land due to the occurrence of air and water pollution and the dense population. Large buildings in the city center cause daytime inhalation of the population, causing not only housing problems but also transportation problems, not to mention all kinds of pollution. Large cities like Seoul tend to lose profits from agglomerations, one of the city’s biggest benefits, and increase the effectiveness of wealth, and large cities may need to invest more in the same level of welfare. Next is the problem of society pathological phenomena in cities. As the city grew larger, civic consciousness became less common, and relationships between citizens were broken up, resulting in a loss of love for home and a lack of community. In particular, when observed through the COVID-19 phenomenon, “individual” behavior that harms others without mutual order and consideration is shown in foreign countries, while Korea respects each other and shows “us” and “group” culture through etiquette for each other. The pathological phenomenon mentioned earlier will result in Family Disorganization, which will cause problems with the elderly and children’s education. In addition, racial, regional, and hierarchical segregation will occur due to wealth bias. Therefore, various urban growth management policies are being studied to solve these problems. In Korea, the gap between Gangnam-gu and other regions is emerging as a social problem. However, Korea as environmental awareness has improved recently, the urban environment has gradually improved. At the same time, we should create a world where children don’t starve. There are several international organizations to help children, such as UNICEF and Save the Children, but there is still no UN organization that fundamentally eliminates child hunger. Despite the arrival of the era of population cliff, the problem of adopting children overseas should be solved as soon as possible and the society should be changed to adopt children who are starving overseas into domestic adoption. At least starting with children not starving, South Korea could repay the kindness it received from the world and become a hope and a seed of unification for the world’s children, including North Korea. When we study urbanization, we can examine industrialization and informatization related to this. First of all, the relationship between urbanization and industrialization is difficult to explain uniformly, but industrialization with the development of industrial technology increases demand for labor, and demand for labor causes population movement and promotes urbanization. For example, for the location of a factory, it is located in a concentrated population area where workers can be easily found if other conditions are fixed, which provides a relative advantage in the location of the factory and improves production capacity. Next, looking at informatization and urbanization, there are information production costs, information movement costs, and e-commerce. As for the cost of information production, the marginal cost of additional production is almost zero, and unlimited production is possible. The cost of transferring information will change the size of the market indefinitely, and all areas connected to the Internet can be converted into markets. Finally, when wireless Internet becomes universal, e-commerce, where information is provided on the Internet in virtual spaces, will become universal.

In line with this, if we go into a virtualized society, we will be able to live a happier life. Korea is conservative because it makes a lot of unreasonable decisions. After overcoming this, we must develop our country to lead the world’s leading country.

6주차(2)

This study aims to examine the history, causes, dominant metropolitan areas, and economic effects of urbanization. Urbanization means the movement of population from rural to urban areas, the reduction of the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the way in which society adapts to these changes. Urbanization must also be distinguished from urban growth. Urbanization refers to the proportion of the total population living in an area categorized as urbanization, while urban growth refers to the absolute population living in that area strictly. The United Nations predicted that half of the world’s population will live in cities by the end of 2008. It also predicts that by 2050, about 64 percent of developing countries and 86 percent of developed countries will become urbanized. The United Nations recently predicted that almost all global population growth will be carried out by cities from 2017 to 2030, and only about 1.1 billion new cities will be able to do. Although we are in a country with a declining population, the global trend shows that the urban population is still growing at a fast pace. Urbanization is not a simple modern phenomenon, but a fast and historic change in the roots of human society on a global scale, and rural culture is being rapidly replaced mainly by urban culture. Looking at the history of urbanization, from the early development of Mesopotamia and Egypt to the 18th century, there was a balance between the majority of the population engaged in self-sufficient agriculture in rural context and the small central population of the city, mainly market and manufacturing. The ratio of rural population to urban population maintained a fixed equilibrium due to the primitive and relative stagnation of agriculture on a small scale during this period. However, urbanization of the population has accelerated rapidly since the mid-18th century. With the start of the British agricultural and industrial revolution in the late 18th century, this relationship finally broke down, and during the 19th century, the continued migration from the countryside and the enormous population expansion at that time caused an unprecedented increase in urban population. When agricultural productivity increased and workers were freed from land labor, they gathered in new industrial cities such as Manchester and Birmingham, where they were experiencing commercial, trade and industrial boom. Also, spatially, the city was expanded with the development of the public transportation system, which made it easier for the working class to commute farther to the city center. Urbanization rapidly spread to the Western world and began to take root in developing countries in the 1950s. According to the United Nations, for the first time in human history in 2007, more than 50 percent of the world's population lived in cities. As a cause of urbanization, urbanization occurs organically or systematically as a result of the actions of individuals, groups, and states. Living in a city is both culturally and economically beneficial because it provides greater opportunities, better education, housing and safety conditions to access the labor market, and reduces commuting and transportation time and costs. However, there are harmful social phenomena such as alienation, stress, increased cost of living, and group alienation related to urban lifestyle. In cities, money, services, wealth and opportunities are concentrated. Many countrymen come into town in search of wealth. Many people move to cities for economic opportunities, but this does not fully account for the recent very high urbanization rates in places like China and India. Country flight is a contributing factor to urbanization. Farm life is always vulnerable to unpredictable environmental conditions, and survival can be extremely problematic during periods of drought, flood or plague. In particular, in developing countries, conflicts over land rights caused by globalization have led to the loss or confiscation of land by politically weak groups such as farmers, resulting in forced migration to cities. Mandatory and unplanned immigration often results in rapid growth of slums. This is also similar to the area of violent conflict in which people are driven out of their land by violence. Cities offer more diverse services, including specialized services that are not found in rural areas. Such services require workers, resulting in more and more job opportunities. Older people may have to move to a city with doctors and hospitals to meet their health needs. Diverse and high-quality educational opportunities are not only opportunities to participate in, develop and explore social communities, but also another factor in urban migration. Urbanization also provides opportunities for women who are not available in rural areas. This results in changes in gender that allow women to engage in paid employment and access education. However, women are still at a disadvantage because of their unequal status in the labor market, their inability to secure assets independently of male relatives, and their exposure to violence. People living in cities are more productive than in the countryside. Urban geographers have shown great productivity gains because they are located in dense groups. Accordingly, the agent can be located in the city to benefit from such aggregation effects. If you look at the dominant metropolitan area of a city, a country’s dominant city can benefit more from the same things that cities offer, and they become magnets for other cities and suburban populations as well as non-urban populations. The power of flexion can be measured by output, wealth, especially population, each expressed as a percentage of the country as a whole. Seoul is one of the cities that has huge control over the Republic of Korea, and 50 percent of the people live there. Busan, Ulsan and Osaka have strong advantages in their respective countries, but they are losing their population to their more dominant competitors, Seoul and Tokyo. The economic effects of cities can include rapid increases and changes in costs as cities develop and often exclude the local working class from the market, including skilled workers such as local government employees. At present, similar problems affect developing countries, and inequality due to rapid urbanization trends is increasing. Think tanks such as the Institute for Overseas Development have proposed policies to encourage labor-intensive growth as a way to absorb the influx of low-skilled and unskilled workers.

One problem related to this migrant worker is the growth of slums. In many cases, rural-urban low-skilled or unskilled migrant workers, guided by economic opportunities in urban areas, cannot find jobs in cities, cannot afford housing, and must live in slums. The urban problem is fueling the suburbanization trend of developing countries along with infrastructure development, but the trend of core cities in the country continues to become more precise. Urbanization is often seen as a negative trend, but it has a positive side in that it improves opportunities for jobs, education, housing and transportation while reducing commuting and transportation costs. While cities have greater diversity of markets and commodities than rural areas, they are more competitive in cities than rural areas due to frequent combinations of infrastructure stagnation, monopoly, high overhead, and inconvenience of cross-city travel. In many developing countries where economies are growing, growth is often irregular and based on a small number of industries. Investment in human capital is essential to overcome economic barriers so that young people can access quality education and educational facilities.

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Investigate various problems related to urbanization such as environmental effects of urbanization, water quality, food waste, habitat fragmentation, health and social effects, nutrition, asthma, crime, physical activities, mental health, and aquaculture changes. The first is the environmental impact. Urban heat islands are formed when industries and urban areas produce and retain heat. Much of the solar energy reaching rural areas is consumed by evaporation of plants and water from the soil. In cities with few plants and exposed soil, most of the solar energy is absorbed by buildings and asphalt, resulting in higher surface temperatures. Vehicles, factories, industrial and home heating systems emit much more heat. As a result, cities are often one to three degrees warmer than surrounding landscapes. In July 2013, a report released by the UN Ministry of Economy and Social Affairs warned that if 2.4 billion more people were to grow by 2050, food production would have to increase by 70 percent, especially in countries already facing food security. According to UN experts, changing environmental conditions and urban population growth could strain basic health systems and health care and cause humanitarian and environmental disasters. Next, water quality. The occurrence of eutrophication in waters is another environmental impact of many urban populations. Eutrophication is a process that causes algal blooms that can be harmful to hypoxia and to the survival of aquatic organisms. Excessive growth of green algae causes a general decrease in water quality and hinders the natural balance of aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, when green algae die, carbon dioxide is produced, causing a more acidic environment in a process known as acidification. The ocean surface also has the ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the earth’s atmosphere as urbanization emissions increase. This was useful for the environment by reducing the harmful effects of greenhouse gases, but it also makes acidification more sustainable. Changes in pH inhibit the proper formation of calcium carbonate, an important factor for many marine organisms to maintain their skins and skeletons. This is especially true of many species of mollusks and coral. Next is food waste. Increased food waste can raise environmental issues such as increased methane gas production and the attractiveness of disease agents. Landfills are the third major cause of methane emissions and are concerned about the effects of methane emissions on ozone and on personal health. The accumulation of food waste increases fermentation and increases the risk of rodents and insects moving. The increase in disease vector movement increases the possibility of disease spreading to humans. Next is habitat fragmentation. Urbanization can have a significant impact on biodiversity by causing habitat division and thereby alienating species. As can be seen from habitat loss, habitat fragmentation does not destroy habitats, but rather destroys them with roads and railways. There are both increased or decreased “seed abundance” due to various factors such as urbanization levels. This means that urbanization may be harmful to some species, but it can help promote the growth of others. Habitat debris can filter species with limited dispersal capacity. For example, aquatic insects have been found to have a lower abundance of species in urban landscapes. The more urbanized the area around the habitat, the fewer species can reach the habitat. Next is health and social impact. Urbanization in developing countries does not lead to a significant increase in life expectancy. Rapid urbanization has increased mortality from non-communicable diseases related to lifestyle, including cancer and heart disease. The difference in mortality from infectious diseases depends on the specific disease and location. On average, the health level of cities is higher than that of rural areas. However, residents of poor urban areas such as slums and informal settlements suffer, saying, “Disease, injury, early death, and disease and poverty are disadvantaged over time.” Urbanization is related to improving public health, hygiene and medical access, but involves changes in occupation, diet, and exercise patterns. It has a complex effect on health patterns, which can alleviate some problems and highlight others. Next is nutrition. One effect of urbanization is the formation of food deserts. Several studies suggest that the long distance to grocery stores is linked to obesity rates and other health disparities. Food deserts in developed countries often fall under the category of fast food chains and convenience stores that offer little or no fresh food. Low access to healthy food and high fat, sugar and salt intake are linked to greater risks of obesity, diabetes and related chronic diseases. Overall, the body mass index and cholesterol levels increase rapidly depending on national income and urbanization. Food deserts in the United States are most commonly found in low-income and predominantly African-American communities. A study on food deserts in Denver, Colorado, found that in addition to minorities, affected areas have a high percentage of children and newborns. Next, asthma. Urbanization is also linked to increased asthma risk. Globally, as communities move from rural areas to more urban communities, the number of people affected by asthma increases. The findings show that urbanization can have a negative impact on population health, particularly affecting people's sensitivity to asthma. As in the increasingly urbanized United States, people living in growing cities in low-income countries experience high exposure to air pollution, which increases the prevalence and severity of asthma among these populations. A link between exposure to traffic-related air pollution and allergic diseases has been found. Despite increased access to health services generally accompanied by urbanization, population density increases have a negative impact on air quality that ultimately relieves the positive value of health resources as more children and young people develop asthma. However, urban planning not only controls emissions, but also reduces the impact of air pollution related to transportation on allergic diseases such as asthma. Next is crime. Historically, crime and urbanization have progressed together. Modern media have raised awareness of the gap between rich and poor, and modernization has led to more crimes. This can lead to a sense of deprivation and ultimately to crime. In some areas where urbanization is taking place in affluent areas, there is an increase in property crime and a decrease in violent crime. Data show an increase in crime in urbanized areas. Some factors include per capita income, income inequality, and low population size. Most crimes tend to converge in the city center, and the farther away from the city center, the lower the crime rate. Immigration is also a factor that increases crime in urbanized areas.

People from certain areas must become refugees and move to urbanized societies. This could lead to less social cohesion and more crime. Next is physical activity. Urbanization tends to have more negative effects, but one positive effect of urbanization is increased physical activity compared to rural areas. Residents of rural and local communities in the United States are more obese than urban residents and do not participate in physical activities. Barriers such as geographical isolation, crowded and unsafe roads, and social stigma can lead to reduced physical activity in rural environments. Open spaces in rural areas, such as parks and walkways, suggest that these areas are less walkable than urban areas. Neighbours and communities with neighborhood fitness locations, a common feature of urbanization, have residents who increase the amount of physical activity. Communities with sidewalks, street lights and traffic signals allow residents to participate in more physical activities than communities without such characteristics. Having a variety of destinations close to where people live increases the use of active transportation, such as walking and bicyclists. In a study comparing various parts of the U.S. opinions were shared throughout the field that environmental characteristics such as press accessibility, safe roads, recreation facilities, and fun scenery are positively related to leisure physical activities. Recognizing that resources for physical activity are nearby increases the likelihood that residents in all communities will meet the guidelines and recommendations for proper physical activity. In order to combat the level of inactivity of rural residents, more convenient entertainment functions such as those discussed in this paragraph need to be implemented in rural communities and societies. Next, mental health. Urbanization factors that contribute to mental health are considered to affect individuals and larger social groups. Perceived instability can be a physical environment problem, such as a personal safety problem, or a social environment problem, such as a loss of positive self-concept due to negative events. The increased stress is thought to be caused by instability perceived as a common individual psychological stressor accompanying urbanization. It is a combination of physical and social experience elements and urbanization that contribute to mental health problems. As cities continue to expand, it is important to account for mental health, along with other public health measures that accompany urbanization. Next is the modification of the form. Different forms of urbanization can be classified according to architectural styles, planning methods, and the historical growth of the region. Traditionally, human activities and settlement have been concentrated in cities in developed countries, and so-called migration phenomena have emerged. Recent developments, such as urban redevelopment plans, mean that newcomers no longer settle in the center. In some developed countries, cities have been deprived of their population by rural areas, and the reverse effect, which was originally called reverse urbanization, is especially common in wealthy families. It contributed to the urban reduction phenomenon experienced by some parts of the industrialized world. When residential areas move outward, this is called suburbanization. In the U.S. as of 2011, due to chronic high transportation costs, “re-urbanization” occurred in suburban flights. Rural migrants are attracted to the potential that cities can offer, but often settle in shantytown and experience extreme poverty. The state’s inability to provide adequate housing for these rural migrants is related to over-urbanization, a phenomenon in which urbanization increases faster than economic development, leading to high unemployment and resource demand. Most urban poor people in developing countries who can't find jobs can live their lives on unstable, low-wage jobs. According to a study by the Institute for Overseas Development, poor urbanization will require labor-intensive growth with labor protection, flexible land use regulations and investment in basic services. Urbanization may be planned urbanization or organic. Planned urbanization, i.e. planned communities or garden urban movements, is based on pre-planning that can be prepared for military, aesthetic, economic or urban design reasons. Landscape planners are responsible for providing landscape infrastructure that can be planned before urbanization takes place, or subsequently revitalizing the area and creating greater habitability within the area. As the population continues to grow and urbanize at an unprecedented rate, new urbanism and smart growth techniques are being implemented to create a shift to environmentally, economically and socially sustainable urban development. By combining economic, environmental and social sustain ability, cities will be more equal, more resilient and more attractive than urban sprawl, which abuses land, promotes the use of cars, and economically separates populations.

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