출석 및 과제점검표

학과: 행정학과

학번: 21307529

이름: 안효진

주(날짜)	출석(당일)	지각(해당주)	결석(그이후)	과제	비고
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7주차(2) (10/17)	○
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9주차(1) (10/29)	○
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10주차(1) (11/5)	○
10주차(2) (11/7)	○
11주차(1) (11/12)	○				재택수업
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14주차(1) (12/3)	○
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15주차(1) (12/11)					특강 불참석 (시험)
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2주차(1)

What is the reason why agricultural society is not developed?

This is because people work with human power without borrowing the power of machines.

Therefore, the agricultural society was relatively less productive, but the industrial society was much more productive and the food problem was solved. However, we will use fossil fuel, Contamination problems will occur (environmental pollution such as fine dust and industrial waste), and a new paradigm to solve this will appear, which is exactly the information society. In urban administration, the trend of globalization and localization is becoming clearer. As a result, more jobs will disappear as the society progresses. (Toll gate booth, self gas station) The future society will become a smart society ‘‘where‘‘ uncertainty and uncertainty will develop into better forms.

3주차(1)

The study of industrial society is decreasing and the study of information society is increasing.

But we do not realize it. Because it is invisible. What should we learn in the information society? There is no need to learn old knowledge. In the past, the city was a place ‘where‘ the king was located. Since there are many people gathering in the place ‘where‘ there is a king, many people live in economic activities. The city has a residential area and a commercial area. The city is endlessly changing, but there are three common components.

1. Citizen, 2. Activities, 3. Land and Facilities

Era of Convergence: Convergence of Human Capability and Computer

The basic study is done by computers and the human brain is used to create something.

3주차(2)

Characteristics of urbanization

It is a phenomenon that is concentrated in cities with a large population due to urbanization and industrial revolution, and the city gradually becomes huge, It is a physical growth that moves from suburbs to cities.

Future cities will have international individual competitiveness. The UN predicted that at the end of 2008, half of the world‘s population will live in cities. Unlike cities, rural areas do not have economies of scale and economies of scope. So people are more urban than rural I think living is a more rational and smart decision. Urbanization is not just a modern phenomenon, but a rapid change of social form through human history. In the case of urbanization, there is a disadvantage of rural collapse. So the Korean government tried to solve this through farmland pension. It is not enough to prevent rural collapse.

4주차(1)

More and more people left towns and farms to live in cities. As a result, the rapid growth of the city was possible as people in rural areas moved to the city. This growth is a major phenomenon mainly in developing countries. The share of urban population has increased dramatically.

According to UN statistics, the proportion of urban population will increase by 60% by 2030.

And in relation to future trends, 93% of urban growth will occur in developing countries.

Urbanization rates vary from country to country, with the United States and United Kingdom having a small population living in rural areas. So urbanization is already over. As a result, urbanization is very slow because there is no room for further development. Suburbanization is mainly happening in the largest cities of developing countries. This can be understood as an attempt to reduce the negative aspects of urbanization.

Rural flight (escape) is an element of urbanization. Life in rural areas is subjective and can outperform the quality of the city. But manufacturing goods is very difficult.

4주차(2)

As globalization progressed, the political power of the peasants became less and less.

In China, land-acceptance policy is compulsory, so that urbanization proceeded faster than other countries.

India, on the other hand, reacted to these measures, and farmers built their own military organizations to fight back. Cities offer a variety of services not available in rural areas. (Ex. Health Care, Quality Education Opportunities) Workers are needed to provide these services, which has the advantage of creating a variety of jobs.

Conurbation => Consists of a large city and several urban areas nearby.

Due to the increase in population and the proliferation of urban areas, the surrounding                      small and medium cities and urban areas stick together, forming a huge city.

(Greater Seoul is so large that 50% of Korea‘s population is inhabited.)

5주차(1)

The cause of the urban heat island phenomenon is that more heat is released due to industrial or urban development. Most solar energy in urban areas is absorbed by urban buildings and asphalt. This is because the area of vegetation is smaller than that of rural areas. Because of this, even if the city is at night The heat does not go away easily. This is called a tropical night phenomenon. And the city‘s cars and factories are also affecting the city‘s temperature.

Urbanization has two positive effects on the environment.

1. the population growth rate of urban dwellers is falling. Thus, environmental problems due to population increase gradually decrease.

2. Urban migration of rural residents reduces the use of agricultural technologies that adversely affect the environment, such as slash and burn agriculture. But urbanization also has another negative effect. Due to the change of environmental factors due to excessive urbanization, the forests around the city are destroyed. In developed countries, the opposite effect of urbanization called counter urbanization is occurring. This means that newcomers to the city live outside the city center. The outward movement of residential areas occurs mainly in the rich. This phenomenon is called suburbanization.

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Characteristics of Urbanization

Urban enlargement and conurbation-As existing cities grow, they connect with the surrounding cities to form metropolitan areas. Suburbs have turned into residential areas.

Urban growth process

1. Medieval cities were designed to defend the invasion.

2. Modern cities have expanded internationally due to the collapse of city-states and the emergence of a unified state.

3. In modern cities, the industrial revolution has led to the development of production technology, which has led to a larger city.

4. In future cities, internationalization and globalization will occur simultaneously due to information technology.

The city we have to live in is the city of the future. How will the future city change after the modern city?

The visible city we see with our eyes and the invisible city behind the computer network will coexist.

The principle of invisible city operation will be completely different from that of modern city, and it is not clear yet. It is developing at a speed.

Internal structure of the city

Cities are functionally separated

The shops gather together to form a commercial area, and the factories gather together to form an industrial area. Daegu is divided into industrial areas in the west and residential areas in the east. So because of the wind blowing northwest. Since environmental pollution is severe, there is a need to improve the industrial area‘s industry to be more environmentally friendly.

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The city has a production location centered on the infrastructure industry,

When the infrastructure enters, people gather to consume it.

The most important part of the process of urban development is ‘infrastructure‘.

In order for people to live in cities, the infrastructure industry must be settled properly.

In Korea, most infrastructure is concentrated in the metropolitan area, so it is necessary to foster small and medium cities. To do this, the service area of the highway must be moved to a small city.

1.Burgess‘ Concentric Circle Theory

The regional structure of a residential area consists of concentric circles formed of five zones.

zone of transtion: factory area inside, residential area outside (squatter and slum are formed)

squatter: illegal and illegal occupation area

slum: areas of low quality of life

Criticism of Concentric Theory

Heavy industry will be located along water or rail traffic Why? (What if Pohang Works was in Gumi?)

=> The raw material is heavy, which is disadvantageous for material transportation.

Why do people in lower regions live in close proximity to industrial and traffic areas?

=> Because it saves transportation costs.

2.H.Hyot‘s Linear Theory

Regional structure of residential area is fan-shaped.

The pattern of urban growth has changed from single-family homes to low-density homes.

People who lived in existing low-end homes did not have the money to maintain the apartment even though they were given an apartment for sale due to redevelopment.

What is the reason for the development of Daegu Beomne Street‘s infrastructure located outside?

The traffic is inconvenient due to the heavy traffic, and people in Siji do not have to go to downtown to solve the food.

=> A new city center is formed.

In the case of North Korea, because it is a socialist state, the entire region is built at once. (All land is included in the country.)

7주차(1)

Multicore Theory

The central core within the city was divided to separate regions according to urban functions. The central business district is located in the city‘s inner transportation hub. In general, high-end housing is located far from the high seas. Heavy industrial zones with high pollution are located on the outskirts of the city (Daegu Northwest Industrial Zone, Dyeing Plant and Sewage Treatment Plant)

The core of the city emerges from a combination of factors.

Urban activities require professional benefits (Pohang => transport heavy materials. Port facilities are needed.)

You will benefit from a group of similar businesses. (Daegu Deulan Gil => There are a lot of restaurants.)

Urban activities, on the other hand, may be disadvantageous because of similar industries. (If the apartment has a lot of convenience stores, it will be hard to profit.)

Multidimensional theory

The internal structure of the city consists of three dimensions.

The spatial pattern of multidimensional theory

Social class (people gather with the same characteristics according to education level, economic level, job level, etc.)

, Urbanization (similar family types and generations live together)

It is divided into three categories: race classification (similar races live together).

Residential areas occupy the most area in urban areas, and are generally formed in about 40% of the total area. And the smaller the city size, the greater the specific gravity of the residential area.

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Movement to internal residential areas consists of immigrants from foreign countries and people from rural areas.

Most of them are poor and uncertain about their jobs, so they live in areas ‘where‘ employment opportunities are large in large cities such as port cities.

The jobs of the influx people usually follow the jobs of acquaintances who meet at the airport.

The beginning of the modern city started from the Greek era.

Monuments such as the Washington Monument in the United States originate in Egyptian civilization and are also distributed in London and Spain.

This shows that Egyptian civilization was influential worldwide.

The city of the future is a smart city, the appearance of the city has not changed much with the present.

However, internally, the information and communication industry will be greatly developed and a lot of investment will be made in the space industry.

In Korea, urbanization is nearing completion, but in terms of function, urbanization is still taking place.

Because after the Korean War, the population grew very fast and the economic development was so rapid.

So, while the outside is close to the perfect city, there are still many places ‘where‘ the environment is still poor. The modern city is a symbol of civilization, with residential areas, production facilities and transportation facilities. However, rapid urbanization has created many side effects.

Environmentally, there are problems of air pollution and water pollution, various traffic problems due to oversaturation of the population, human alienation and welfare problems.

In order to solve this problem, we have introduced various measures at the international level such as the OECD.

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Concept of planning

All people are born with the same conditions, but life depends on how they use their time in their lives. In other words, plan your life from now on.

The plan is to determine the desired future behavior.

Industrial society basically demands division of labor and is developed by economies of scale and accumulation. The division of labor assumes collaboration and undergoes several coordination processes. This process is called planning activity. In the past, producers only produced and consumers consumed

In the modern society, producers and consumers are fused to produce products that consumers want.

Future medicine will all turn to preventive medicine. (When will cancer develop? Find out and treat it before cancer occurs.)

Modern cities are predominantly smart cities. (You adjust all elements of the city in a positive direction.)

A good example of a creative city is Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

(Burj Khalifa, a world island filled with sea)

The environment surrounding planning

Each individual acts according to what he or she likes. And personal preferences are varied, and unconditionally following personal preferences does not produce good results.

Also, human beings always have incomplete knowledge, which is not logical or rational. So there are conflicting values in planning.

Purposes of planning

In a resource-limited world, it must be preserved and distributed in an efficient way.

Rationality often increases the validity of a decision. Planning means choosing the best alternative among many alternatives. Only the wisdom or ability to make decisions is owned. So the choice is left to the individual or the majority (voting).

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Planning Characteristics

1) The achievement of ends

A day‘s plan becomes a week‘s plan, and a week‘s plan becomes a month‘s plan. (Small goals are the means of big goals, big goals are the means of bigger goals.)

2) Exercise of choice

A plan is an act of realizing a formed goal.

3) Orientation to the future

The ultimate goal of the plan is that knowledge of the future is needed now.

4) Action

Planning is the key to getting in the right direction.

5) Comprehensiveness

To make a reasonable choice, write down the various alternatives in detail, and carefully choose the way I should go.

Facts are always different according to my values. (People have different goals.)

Personal experience is the value that comes from understanding the facts.

To put your goals into practice, you need to move away from the general goals you set and turn them into concrete programs.

The classification of plans is divided into social plans and spatial plans according to the nature of public plans. Social planning deals with public interests rather than individual issues. Spatial planning deals with human activity patterns. It is a physical plan to harmonize with the space that accommodates the activity. (Transportation plan, national land development plan)

Planning process

1. problem diagnosis (What is my weakness? On the contrary, what do I do well?)

2. Goal articulation (It‘s hard to make a flawless plan. efficiency & equity)

3. Prediction and projection (What we need to find is a new field of work, like big data analysts.)

4. Alternative plan (The optimal alternative should be set.)

5. Feasibility analysis (I need to plan what I can do.)

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In the past, urban planning was perceived as land use drawings, such as bird‘s eye view, were the majority of urban planning.

So city planners simply built physical facilities such as building bridges and building bridges between cities.

In recent years, however, as the information age evolves, physical space planning, economic and social planning are being merged into virtual space planning.

The urban plan was changed to a comprehensive plan, not a fragmentary one.

->Engineering elements such as architecture and civil engineering +

Non-technical factors such as market, economy, transportation, housing, environment, and welfare and factors related to human behavior

=>The plan was designed to interact in a complex way and to interact within the city.

The space of the city is in close contact with the neighboring areas.

As a result, they were connected to neighboring cities and influenced each other. This concept was gradually expanded into regional or national planning.

Urban planning is integrated planning that takes into account urban, regional and national planning, social, economic and physical planning.

In the past, only plans such as physical planning were regarded as urban planning, but recently, they have been expanded to huge plans including marine planning and space planning + virtual planning.

In the future, the planning environment changes fundamentally, freeing the constraints of time and space.

Thus, it becomes possible to make the past and the future virtual.

(build a building in a virtual space in advance and see how the environment changes.)

10주차(2)

Characteristic of city planning

Compulsory : If social problems and development goals conflict with each other, coercion is necessary to resolve them.

welfare : In the case of a compulsory plan, it must be appropriate for the promotion of public welfare of the residents.

Budgeting : City planning should always reflect budget issues.

Theory of urban planning

1. synoptic rationalism

It is to set the goals of the plan in advance and to reasonably find all the means and conditions for achieving these goals.

2.disjointed incrementalism

It is impossible to comprehensively deal with the policy making process. There is a limit to choosing the best decision during the actual decision making process. This is because humans have limited ability to solve problems, difficult to collect information, and high social analysis costs.

=> synoptic rationalism : In the ‘select‘ion process, it is possible to make an optimal ‘select‘ion by rationality.

disjointed incrementalism : There are limits to making reasonable choices.

Korea‘s capitalism can be called predatory capitalism.

It is a big problem of capitalism that North Korean defectors starve in food-rich South Korea.

3. mixed-scanning

It divides Fundamental policymaking and individual decision making according to the function of the plan. Finding a viable alternative based on the importance of the plan.

4. choice theory

The urban planning process is the process of determining the value judgment and ‘select‘ing it, finding specific alternatives, choosing the best alternatives, and finally implementing the final alternative.

5. advocacy and pluralism

Korea overemphasized efficiency during its rapid growth. Thus, equity and well-being of society are relatively low.

Urban planning in this theory is to represent the interests of the residents and to actively reflect their values in the plan.

Korea‘s social system is a society in which the weak and the poor are difficult to survive.

(It is very difficult for the common people to run a large franchise coffee shop.)

Therefore, it is important to reflect and respect the opinions of these weak people.

6. Transactive theory

Planning theory is divided into developing planning and adoptive planning.

developing planning is a plan to drive high growth by investing in undeveloped areas.

Adoptive planning is a way to solve problems such as housing and transportation in areas that are already developed.

7. Systematic Comprehensive Theory

A city is a cube with physical, social and economic functions connected.

11주차(1) - 재택수업

GIS is geographic information system.

A geographic information system is a combination of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and human resources designed to effectively collect, store, update, tune, analyze, and present any type of geospatial reference information. It is widely used in land information management, facility management, transportation, urban planning and management, environment, agriculture, disasters and disasters. In addition, GIS integrates and manages location data, spatial data, and attribute data for objects with geographical location, and provides various types of information such as maps, charts, and figures.

(Various uses of GIS)

Emergency Services – Fire & Police, Environmental – Monitoring & Modeling , Business – Site Location, Delivery Systems, Industry – Transportation, Communication, Mining, Pipelines, Healthcare, Government – Local, State, Federal, Military, Education – Research, Teaching Tool, Administration

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GIS (Geographic Information System)

GIS is a system that combines spatial data to help analyze and present information. More than 80% of all data contains spatial elements. So most data can be analyzed spatially.  GIS is the vehicle for visualizing, manipulating, and analyzing data in this way. There are two ways to enter and visualize data in GIS. Data can be used in different programs and can be used by combining various data. GIS is used in various fields such as emergency services, environment, business, industry, government and education. It also plays a large role in modeling future trends. (You can test in advance how cities will change in the future.) The information classification of GIS is divided into Positional Data and graphic data.

Urban planning

Urban planning is the process of establishing and implementing the correct future of the city. As the population concentrated in cities, the city spread disorderly, causing many urban problems. Urban planning is needed to solve these urban problems and to prevent future problems. (Resolving housing problems, minimizing environmental pollution, mitigating transportation problems, supplying public facilities)

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The Metropolitan Urban Plan is a long-term plan for 20 years, linking the spatial structure and function of two or more adjacent cities, metropolitan cities, cities, or counties, conserving the environment, and restructuring metropolitan facilities. This plan is responsible for overhauling wide-area facilities such as waterworks, sharing the functions among cities, bridging the gap between regions, and conserving the local environment through green management system.

The Urban Basic Plan is a comprehensive plan that presents basic spatial structures and long-term development directions for the jurisdictions of the metropolitan city, metropolitan city, city, or county, and is a 20-year long-term plan. The plan sets goals and directions that reflect the characteristics of the region, economic and industrial structure, and specifically plans to build urban landscapes, expand infrastructure, and finance the city.

The Urban Management Plan is a plan that is binding on the private land use of the residents, and it is a plan that embodies and realizes the contents of the metropolitan city plan and the urban master plan. The plan includes plans for the installation and maintenance of infrastructure, plans for urban development and maintenance projects, designation and change of district-level planning areas. In addition, the urban management plan is the only city plan that allows the residents to participate in proposals for drafting.

The District Unit Plan is a plan that establishes both a three-dimensional building plan and a flat land use plan for cities and villages, and actively induces the participation of residents. The purpose of this plan is to make certain areas in the urban area environmentally friendly to improve the aesthetics of the city, to prevent sprawl of the urban, and to enable sustainable urban development and management by expanding the infrastructure. The plan is divided into a Type I District Unit Plan to improve urban areas and a Type II District Unit Plan to improve non-urban areas.

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District Unit Plan

The district unit plan is a plan that takes into consideration both the architectural plan and the land use plan of the city and village ‘where‘ we live.

Purpose

Type I District Unit Plan

A plan to create an environment-friendly urban environment ‘where‘ humans and nature coexist in certain areas within urban planning and to enable sustainable urban development or urban management.

Type II District Unit Plan

The plan to prevent indiscriminate development in the planned management area, to establish infrastructure and redefine the maintenance and function of the area, and to improve the aesthetics of the surrounding cities, cities and counties, to create an eco-friendly and sustainable city.

Resident Suggestion System

Resident Suggestion System is a system that is initiated by residents about the drafting of the city management plan and is the most direct and influential participation system. Residents can designate their own zones and suggest opinions on planning, for example, in multi-unit housing projects in the private sector. Resident Participation District Unit Plan is a resident-type urban plan that allows residents to directly diagnose problems in their own cities and continue to participate in urban environment improvement and management through various participation and opportunities of residents. The purpose of this plan is to enable residents to take part in urban planning and environmental improvement, to embody the public works and plans necessary for the city, and to manage the city by themselves.

Urban Renewal New Deal

Due to the aging of housing and the continued decline of the population, there are limits to the quantitative expansion of the city. So to overcome these limitations, the paradigm of urban policy has recently changed toward urban renewal.

Background of Urban Renewal New Deal

1. Low birth and aging of the population; immobilization of low economic growth.

Due to the economic and social decline of large-populated cities, the importance of regeneration and management of existing urban areas is expanding.

2. Continued trend of urban outskirts development

As urban cavitation intensified, vacant houses increased. (On the contrary, the number of houses that low-income families can live on is gradually decreasing, and the deepening of single-person households also has a great impact.)

As a result, urban management costs increase, resulting in social inefficiency.

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Urban Renewal New Deal

In the 1980s, Korea‘s housing dissemination rate was 71% and urbanization rate was 68%, but by 2015 it increased to 102% and 92%, respectively. From this, we can see that the cities of Korea expanded very much in quantity.

The previous city policy was a full-scale demolition project that caused small residents to fall out. Most of the residents who have been displaced by these policies are low-income, creating another housing shortage. And because the planning area is set up on a large scale, it is not easy for the residents to feel the results. In addition, there is a limit in creating policy effects due to the lack of urban experts and related organizations.

The current situation in Korea is that the city is continuously declining due to the low birth rate, aging population and low economic growth. (The introduction of robots has led to the loss of jobs.) In addition, the urbanization of urban centers has caused the population in the center of the city to continue to decrease. Thus, urban policy in Korea focuses on the regeneration and management of existing urban areas rather than the expansion and development of cities.

At present, the gap between regions is deepening and the population of rural areas is decreasing. If rural areas disappear, there will be various problems such as food and land use. In the future, it will be necessary to reduce the gap between urban and rural areas by facilitating inter-regional access by eliminating the cost of freeway traffic and allowing free passage.

In 2016, the United Nations announced a city policy called Cities for all, based on the principle of pursuing a new urban agenda: the pursuit of inclusive and sustainable urban development. The policy is based on three principles: social diversity, equal access, economic sustainability (job creation, urban reduction) and environmental sustainability (protecting the ecosystem, promoting the use of clean energy) that no one is left out of.

In Japan, in response to the shrinking population, the government is promoting reduced urban policies to lay the foundation for sustainable development. In the case of the United Kingdom, decentralization of regional policy was pursued by transferring the authority of urban policy, which was concentrated in the central government, to the provinces. In the United States, local residents‘ voluntary participation focuses on inducing active participation of various actors and establishing a cooperative system among them. In Korea, there are many systems, but policy decentralization has not been achieved. As a result, the commonities of urban policies that are currently underway around the world are centered on decentralization, participation and cooperation.

What is the Urban Renewal New Deal?

It is a national urban innovation project that enhances the competitiveness of the city and creates jobs by activating the aging dwellings and the old downtown.

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Five Tasks of the Urban Renewal New Deal

First, it is to expand basic living infrastructure by readjusting old low-rise residential areas. Since there are many old places outside the city, the basic living infrastructure should be provided for urban development projects such as readjusting street lights around roads to enhance the housing satisfaction level of low-rise dwellings. And the second is to create an innovation hub in the old city center. This means restoring regional competitiveness by creating a revolutionary hub as a core function of the old city center. The third is to create quality jobs by boosting the economic ecosystem of local urban regeneration.

The fourth is the revitalization of urban renewal governance. It is to lay the institutional foundation for residents‘ participation by revitalizing urban regeneration universities and strengthening regional capabilities.

The last five is a preemptive response to Growing in the Mall. Because of the continued increase in building owners‘ rent, the working class who used to rent and run their shops were forced to pay more for their homes. Prevent people from being kicked out to promote co-prosperity among members.

Roadmap of Urban Renewal New Deal

In the past, large-scale housing was built on the outskirts of the city centering on the quantitative expansion of housing, but in the future, it will be changed to provide basic living infrastructure to the aging dwellings and revitalize the residential maintenance scheme in which residents participate. In addition to emphasizing the establishment of regeneration plans for large-scale districts, the paradigm will be changed to focus on economic and living infrastructure by creating a small innovation space (Daegu Kim-Gwang-Seok street) in the region. In addition, it will change from a supplier-oriented past policy to a consumer- and site-oriented policy in the future, while the past policy focused on the Ministry of Homeland and Public Enterprises will change toward the revitalization of urban regeneration economic organizations in the future.

Necessity of establishing vision of future city

The modern age is an era when urban competitiveness determines national competitiveness. So, in Korea, ‘where‘ more than 90% of the population lives in cities, it is no exaggeration to say that cities are like Korea. As globalization accelerates, regional and intercity competition is intensifying rather than between countries. With the advent of population reduction and aging, it is necessary to present mid- and long-term strategic urban policy directions considering these social changes. And as these factors increase the authority of local governments, there is a need to redefine the roles of central and local governments. Also, the world is experiencing many problems due to various environmental pollution. So, to solve this problem, we came to pursue green growth. It is necessary to seek an urban policy approach that will lead to this green growth.

Current challenges in Korean cities

Since 2000, the growth rate of the population has declined rapidly, and the number of foreign residents has continuously increased, resulting in an increase in cultural diversity. Therefore, there is a need for an urban policy that can adjust the supply and demand of living and convenience facilities according to the decrease in population and the change in demographic structure, and reflect the needs of the elderly population and multicultural families. As the infrastructures such as the living convenience facilities and the public transportation system of the old town are weak, it is necessary to improve the residential living environment such as reconstruction and redevelopment. As traditional manufacturing industry has declined, it has resulted in the loss of the growth engine of the city because the manufacturing-based cities are not converted to the modern industrial structure based on knowledge and high-tech industries. To revitalize the city center and reorganize the old industrial complex. Lastly, there is a lack of development and management of unique cultures specialized for each city, and a lack of a response system for international environmental problems. To solve this problem, it is necessary to establish unique urban brands, urban identity, and city policies on energy saving and renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions.

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Most colleges in Gyeongsan were formerly located downtown. And it is moving to the outskirts of the city to middle and high school. This happens because land prices in urban areas are very expensive. Cities have many infrastructure industries, but traditional manufacturing is still the city‘s main infrastructure. However, these days, due to globalization, the competitiveness of the manufacturing industry is relatively weakened, so it is necessary to reorganize the manufacturing-oriented industrial complex into a high-tech industrial complex. Decorating the exterior of a monorail or a car bridge that runs inside the city is a good way to improve the aesthetics of the city.

Global greenhouse gas emissions are on the rise. Therefore, various international agreements have been made to solve environmental problems on an international level, and various renewable energy is being developed to replace energy production using fossil energy such as thermal power plants.

Recently, various government offices such as banks and administrative welfare centers are located near subway stations, and compact cities have been developed that can solve all personal tasks by taking the subway. If such a city is developed, the demand for the subway will increase very much.

The factory should be developed to handle everything in one industrial complex in the form of clusters with various industries such as manufacturing and high-tech industries.

In order to create a convenient living city, it is necessary to raise the living environment level of the city by creating a city based on ubiquitous that can access all information and information of public facilities anytime and any‘where‘. And in the past, most of the family members were covered by welfare, but recently the proportion of the state in welfare is increasing. Therefore, the state should create a city that guarantees the housing stability of the socially weak such as the elderly and low-income families in the same way as supplying rental housing. In order to create an attractive cultural city, it is necessary to discover and spread cultural contents suitable for the characteristics of each city. (Daegu Kim Gwang-seok Street, Busan International Film Festival, Arts and Culture Street) And as the number of foreigners in Korea increases, it is necessary to promote a cultural engagement policy to cope with a multicultural society.