행정정보체계론 출석 및 과제점검표(재택수업 스스로 점검하기)

학과 : 행정학과

학번 : 21606880

주(날짜)	출석(당일)	지각(해당주)	결석(그이후)	과제	비고
1주차(1)	○				수강정정기간
1주차(2)	○				수강정정기간
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7주차(1)	○				전반부 총정리
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8주차 중간고사
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14주차(2)	○				요약 정리 제출
15주차 기말고사
과제1				2020/04/30	과제제출
과제2				2020/6/26	과제제출
계	26	0	0	2

이름 : 김기정

강의 요약정리

1주차(1)

What is study and what should we study? Studying is a training course for the development of an information society and must study the tools of creation. You must plan what you can change for society and love yourself. people are better than animals because they plans. Therefore, sustainable and developmental planning should be made.

1주차(2)

Students must be physically and psychologically healthy to survive in an information society. Students also have to study at least eight hours to realize their dreams voluntarily. In order to survive in the information age, we need to train ourselves to create something in our heads. Students are only focused on memorizing knowledge. Instead of being good at English, you should always practice your best. we have to create something new to achieve our dream.

2주차(1)

Economic activity in industrial society has destroyed the environment. Thus, an information society ‘where‘ economic development and environmental conservation can coexist began. The information society is a society in which economic activities shift from the production and distribution of existing goods to the creation of information knowledge. As the information society begins, social factors are occurring in terms of necessary, technical, and policy. In addition, the information society caused changes in the social structure to economic, political and administrative aspects. Furthermore, as the fourth industrial revolution, including the Internet of Things and the development of artificial intelligence(AI), changes are taking place in society.

2주차(2)

Humans have evolved through many ages. In the 21st century, the combination of information and communication technology and industry led to many changes. This is the fourth industrial revolution. Examples of the fourth industrial revolution include artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things, 5G, robots, virtual reality and augmented reality. This enables smart work as a system that allows users to work anywhere and anytime without being tied to time and place. The fourth industrial revolution, however, is likely to make inequality and imbalance worse and has brought a crisis to the workforce.

Therefore, the government should universalize information, improve accountability, and further strengthen its relations with the people. The government is regarded as the ability to provide diversified services to civil society in the most efficient and individualized manner. Biology and nano technology such as genetics, synthetic biology, genetic engineering and bio-printing are leading the fifth industrial revolution.

3주차(1)

The concept of information continues to change as the information society develops. The characteristics of the information can be summarized in seven ways. Information depends greatly on the user‘s ability to use it. The utility of the information depends greatly on the type, time, and accessibility of the same information.

A system is a set of interconnected elements. The system has a critical and probabilistic system, an open system, a closed system, etc. There are also artificial systems, closed decision systems, and human machine systems. The information society is today as it goes through a phase-in process through generators, generators, and maturities. we should think about how to live for the information age.

3주차(2)

The city is growing and developing into a city that fits the characteristics of each era, influenced by the major industries of its time. Modern city traffic and urban development in the form of information to the influence of Information and Communication. The appearance of modern cities is being accelerated by the accumulation of economic power. Also, due to secure residential city is being inflated. Finally, traffic and logistics due to urban function compilation are concentrated in cities and interest in sustainable urban environment is increasing. U-city is an intelligent future city ‘where‘ advanced information and communication infrastructure and ubiquitous information services converge into urban space as an environment rather than a tool. Therefore, the life of the city foster specialized industry and city and purpose of the intelligence services. Future cities will be realized through three factors: U-City‘s infrastructure, services and policies.

Urban Spatial Structure in changing traffic and comfortable urban environment realize through services environment. To successfully promote U-City, it is necessary to push for macro- and long-term urban construction at the national level.

4주차(1)

A public information system is an information system available to the public. Orman defined public information systems as three generations: the first, the information packaging system that provides minimal sharing; the second, the information system with provisions for non-process data sharing; and the information processing system that provides maximum sharing of data. The concept of the public information system can be analyzed from three perspectives: practical, semantic, and syntactic. Actors involved in public information systems usually fall into three categories. (C,B,G)

C: private persons and households/families in their roles as citizens, clients, customers.

B: business companies and other types of organizations.

G: government agencies and institutions on different levels.

The entire information system belonging to the private sector is regarded as a public information system. Some public information systems will provide services in a much broader sense. An important role for these information systems and tools is to support participants.

4주차(2)

We have to live in a new world to adapt to the information society. It must also be true to the basics and everything is determined by personal effort and ability. Internationally, advanced countries like the United States are pushing for Internet projects for high-speed communication networks. Furthermore, it predicted that e-commerce would be the center of economic activity. Globally, in the past, we have invested a lot of effort and time in building social infrastructure. Recently, however, a lot of efforts have been made to build an information network, educate people on information services and develop software.

Currently, South Korea is also making efforts to build an information infrastructure. With the development of the Internet, virtual cities and virtual reality are forming and opening the era of global citizens ‘where‘ the world is connected. In addition, efforts are being made to realize electronic democracy by spreading the disclosure and provision of information through the Internet. Korea is ‘select‘ing and pushing forward leading projects to effectively promote information services. Among them, information and leading industries are being promoted first for the education sector and e-commerce sector.

5주차(1)

The public information system supports the tasks and processes involved in the role. In playing the supporting role, the public information system and its users will require access to the data. Furthermore, the information system process itself will generate data. The public information system should mainly contain the data necessary to perform the work of the system. Like other information systems, public information systems should include meta data describing data about the system‘s data.

Many public information systems will be suitable for explanations of public goods and will therefore relate to the issue of collective financing. Public information systems can contain both public and highly sensitive personal data. In addition, many public information systems will not have the same requirements for each user and may sometimes be contradictory. The public information system requires research on a wide range of topics. Institutions engaged in research on public information systems should attempt to connect with researchers and other experts who share interest in the process, nature, importance and implications of designing public information systems.

5주차(2)

In the information society, there will be an era in which three-dimensional video information similar to reality is transmitted through the wireless Internet. Therefore, education requires customized education and employment that can accommodate diverse needs using information technology. To this end, each person needs his or her own homepage, and he or she needs to create a web site in advance where he or she wants to get a job. Education will be effective in utilizing the web, computers and information characteristics.

Implementing a fast, convenient and transparent government is the future that e-government aims for. A question-and-answer forum is established through web-based customized education to enable comparison with others. As this educational environment changes, professors and students have to prepare themselves. Professors should build web sites and students should use them to explore ways to study online and offline.

Students need to accumulate continuous data on their areas of interest and need to set up early in career and employment. We should think about changing society together. We hope that through the education and research required in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, students will be able to acquire the expertise and skills needed in the IOT era and grow into talent who can work where they want.

6주차(1)

As a geographic information system, GIS should think three things about where it is, why it is there, and why it should care. GIS is a system of computer software and hardware. GIS can be used for spatial location, visualization of analyzed data information, systems that connect software, hardware, and data, as well as exploration personnel with key thinking. A total of four are defined by concepts. GPS, static maps, and software packages are not GIS.

GIS is a method for visualizing, manipulating, and analyzing spatial data. Connecting the same database as a smart map. Gis data creates multiple applications with digitized and scanned maps. Gis data is also a translation of existing maps, creating multiple digital products. GIS data is based on data tables. GIS is not simply a map of spatial analysis. Maps and data are interconnected, multiple databases are connected, and related systems are present. GIS is used for many purposes, including emergency services, environment, business, industry, government and education.

6주차(2)

Data is a simple set of facts or numbers that represent the real world. This is not processed, and it is meaningless in itself. Information is the meaning derived from one or more data. Information is easy to share and can generate new information through analysis. Geospatial information is divided into location data and characteristic data. Location data refers to information that indicates a point or position on an image or map as a flat or vertical position. These location data are divided into relative location data and absolute location data, while the characteristic data is divided into shape data, video data, and attribute data. One of the characteristic data, the Shape Data, consists of six shape elements to describe map shapes and annotations. Shape data shall be entered in either a regular grid or a vector and a raster format.

In addition to the coordinate plane location, surface data are modeled using elevation values. Vector data is represented by points, lines, and faces. Although it has the advantage of high spatial accuracy, it has the disadvantage of requiring a high level of technology with a complex structure. Raster data has the advantage of being easy to model with a simple structure, but has the disadvantage of having low spatial accuracy. Types of data in GIS include documents, maps, aerial photographs, satellite video data, statistical data and survey data. A topological structure is a study that indicates the relationship between the shape and location regardless of the amount or size of points, lines, faces, and locations in space. As a characteristic of phase setting, the spatial phase relationship between a series of topographical elements includes proximity, connectivity and area determination. GIS-related data management structures include plan structure, hierarchy, organizational network structure, and relational structure.

7주차(전반부 총정리)

8주차 (중간고사)

9주차(1)

Adventures are more likely to be creative than model students. Information and communication technology is changing all sectors as well as administration. We are entering the era of the fourth industrial revolution after a hunting society, an agricultural society, an industrial society and an information society. The era of the fourth industrial revolution in Corona 19 is moving a little faster.

The types of jobs will gradually vary. Humans always develop in a better direction. It is ‘smart‘ to develop on its own. In other words, the current society is "smart." The e-governments were brought about by technological advances, management revolutions, and government innovation.

The paradigm of public service delivery has shifted from the traditional bureaucratic paradigm to the e-government paradigm. The logic that penetrates here lies in "how to be more efficient." ICT is affecting various fields besides administration such as culture, society, politics and economy. Demand for personality education is also estimated to rise significantly in the future.

9주차(2)

Numerous information is being applied to all areas, including politics, economy, administration and education. It has become an era when you can get all the information through the Internet whenever you want. It‘s hard to say that we have a system that can replace written tests. People who must go through written tests must study closely through books.  There are three influences that e-government has had on the inside and outside of government agencies. First, there is an internal transformation of government agencies. Facilitates interconnection between departments and departments and agencies, and improves efficiency of government internal processes. Second, external transformation of government agencies. Government transparency has increased and citizens‘ access to government information has improved. In addition, collaboration and cooperation among government agencies were promoted and the boundaries of different levels of government agencies were extinguished. Third, it is a change in relations. Changes in government-citizens relations, or services that were vertically and horizontally separated, were integrated and implemented.

There are numerous advantages to e-government. However, there are also many problems with insufficient political and financial support as obstacles. The benefits of e-government can be said to have contributed a lot to overcoming COVID-19. However, many shortcomings such as privacy violations have also followed. Difficulties in all changes become even greater for the socially disadvantaged. If the government‘s role in the socially disadvantaged is not properly fulfilled, it could be said that it has not played a proper public role. The era of the fourth industrial revolution is a time when both the real world and the virtual world are merged.

The era of the third industrial revolution features automation, people, environment and machine connectivity through ICT-based informationization. In the era of the fourth industrial revolution, it is the hyper-connected era of human beings, things, computers and the Internet as a digital ecosystem. There are a total of four platforms for utilizing toxic information and intelligence technologies in public sector applications. Four things are being integrated and utilized: big data, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and artificial intelligence.

10주차(1)

The New Deal was pursued in 1929 to overcome the problems caused by the Great Depression in the United States. It created new jobs while building public facilities such as roads, vehicles and airports to revive the economy.  Eventually, the focus was on building a social safety net through these projects. It was a very important opportunity for the United States to grow into the world‘s No. 1 nation through its New Deal policy.

At the heart of the Korean version of the New Deal policy is focused on building digital infrastructure. It is to enhance the economic structure and create jobs by maximizing the synergy effect of government and private investment and pushing for institutional improvements such as regulatory reform. In the early stages, however, jobs may be created, but we have to think more about whether they are possible in the future.  There will be a variety of jobs in the future, but we have to think about how many jobs will be. In addition, fostering non-face-to-face industries and digitalizing SOCs are being pursued. The utilization and construction of databases is in full swing in all areas, including finance, health care, transportation, public and industry. Korea‘s New Deal policy will push for a "full national employment insurance system." There is no wise preparation or investment any‘where‘ else, so you need to know ‘where‘ you are going about the future.

Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a concept that has emerged in relation to organizational competitiveness through fundamental changes in the process of work, such as how it works. Reengineering means rethinking the work and fundamentally Reengineering it. By utilizing BPR, the process delivery system is developing to an improved level of customer service. The process of maximizing BPR performance through proper use of ICT is repeated. Reengineering is a new start to how tradition and convention matters and how to move in a better direction. In order for humans to live in a better society, technological advances based on morality and values must be made.

10주차(2)

BRM is a kind of reference model for facilitating the joint utilization and collaboration of information in information services and related tasks, and it is characterized by clarifying the linkage relationship between the functions of the ministries. The medical institution implements and operates an information service system to support the electronic classification of functions of government affairs and to expand the joint utilization of linked information, etc.

The functional classification of administrative work is to classify the work of administrative agencies around their own functions and define the information related to the classified work. The basic purpose of the operation is to lay down various foundations, such as horizontal cooperation system among ministries, securing continuity of administrative work, streamlining continuous work processing, and promoting efficient management tasks. There are a number of expected effects in addition to the efficient identification of work and performance processes and providing a seamless foundation for public service. However, since BRM focuses on the organization‘s unit work, there is a limitation that it is insufficient to grasp the overall process of handling the work.

The BPM focused on continuous improvement of processes from a cross-functional perspective, etc. to restructure its operations. Therefore, BPM is one of the work innovation methodologies that enables organic integration of the entire task process, both within and outside the organization. BPM has many advantages in the public sector and the priority applied is customer responsiveness, ease of business integration, investment efficiency, process effectiveness, and customer connectivity. But it can happen simultaneously, not sequentially. Informatization strategy plan means systematic and intentional preparatory activities to bring unique advantages that are differentiated through information service. It should be possible to be linked through training ‘where‘ study and work can be combined together.

11주차(1)

Citizen participation is essential to the realization of local autonomy and democracy. Citizen participation essential to governance structures can be divided into administrative and political participation. There is a typical vote for political participation. Administrative participation means participation in various government policies. Citizens‘ participation is necessary in addition to implementing participatory democracy and enhancing the responsiveness and citizenship of the administration. The government and citizens should move toward creating social shared values through their roles as collaborators or co-creators. A typical example of civic participation is the current allocation of disaster support funds and the presentation of opinions in areas such as school attendance.

Electronic civic participation refers to all activities in which citizens participate in political processes and policymaking processes using electronic tools such as online and Internet. The problem is that ICT technology cannot be utilized from utilizing electronic tools. It will be centered on efficiency and efficiency in the back office area, and in the front office area, democracy and transparency through customer orientation and electronic citizen participation will lead to the upgrading of e-government. There are four models of relationship between e-government and civic participation: bystander type, individual type, network type, and proxy type.

We should enter the institution we want to get a job and look closely at what direction the agency is pursuing. Through this, there is a way to participate in providing each idea to the institution. There are a number of other needs for e-citizens‘ participation, in addition to securing access to the government and overcoming the restrictions on participation in time and space. However, e-citizen participation has both positive and negative effects.

Through the use of ICT in the process of making decisions through free discussion and deliberation in the policy-making process, policy problems can be solved with collective intelligence through the participation of many people. The electronic policymaking process is not done in the prescribed order, but in a cyclical manner. Because AI is automatically classifying, it is necessary to make a habit of doing it correctly when writing a plan or summarizing a lecture.

Considerations in e-citizen participation in the policymaking process should take into account the question of whether democracy and public character value can be realized and the issue of representation and equity of opinions. Equipment construction and education are needed to promote electronic civic participation in the policymaking process. Furthermore, one‘s personality and character should change as well as his electronic technology.

11주차(2)

Depending on the level of expertise and politicalness of the administration, the cyber participation model is divided into four categories. Types of electronic citizen participation appear in the form of information provision, policymaking, consultation, etc. The people should be educated so that these three contents can be done in real time. In Korea, education is very well done. The people‘s social participation movement is better trained than any other country. These effects have contributed to solving problems quickly and effectively.

Electronic participation is applied to many areas and ICT is always following. It is the role of civil servants to help others use ICT effectively. In general, getting a job in the information age is not about going into the front of the web, but about getting in the back and showing the front. However, the need to pass the written test remains unchanged.

There are three general prerequisites for promoting electronic civic participation. The first is to construct an institutional frame. They say that experts should be allowed to contribute to areas such as policymaking in the National Assembly. The second is to develop electronic civic engagement methods and action tools. The third is to introduce new ICT. As a motivator for electronic civic participation, expectations of opinion adoption are typical. In this regard, it is important to constantly express your ideas to the institutions you are aiming for. On the other hand, obstacles include budget, lack of technical officials and safety issues. Therefore, training is needed so that you can build and manage your own Web site.

The components of digital capabilities will depend on ‘where‘ the world‘s interest in phenomena, changes and improvements lies. We should be able to utilize creative-based planning power as the biggest advantage and draw sharing and cooperation through understanding of technical skills. Digital culture should be created through mature civic awareness based on morality or ethics. These rituals are the factors that enable man to move toward a wise society.

12주차(1)

Information and communication is defined as a set of activities and means to promote the collection, processing, storage, retri, transmission, receipt and utilization of information, and related devices, technologies, services and other information services. Intelligent information technology is an advanced ICT, which is defined as a technology that combines artificial intelligence technology and data utilization technology to realize human high-level information processing ability in machines.

Artificial intelligence technology is an intelligent technology that implements some or all of human intelligence, such as recognition and learning, using computers. In addition, data utilization technology is ICT that collects, stores and processes data.

Intelligent information technology includes AI, big data, mobile, and IOT. The fourth industrial revolution is triggered by technological innovation through convergence with science and technology in physics and biology, including 3D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials engineering and energy storage technology, as well as intelligent information technology.

In other words, it is entering an era ‘where‘ new values are created through convergence between technologies beyond existing boundaries. These convergence-based technologies should move toward developing VR and AR technologies, AI robot convergence technologies, block chain infrastructure core technologies, and cyber self-defense technologies. Therefore, technical support is needed in areas such as artificial intelligence, block chain and mixed reality.

Artificial intelligence technology is expected to utilize service technology in many other areas, including safety, medical, defense, energy, and finance. Blockchain technically refers to a data chain that is connected and stored with information about transactions, constraints, etc. encrypted on a distributed ledger. In a broad sense, it is a distributed ledger network that enables the program to self-execute without a central server and the accompanying technology. Blockchain technology is divided into the first generation that performs functions such as payment or remittance, the second generation that has expanded its functions to enable all types of contract processing, and the third generation, which is a general-purpose technology stage applied to society as a whole.

Blockchain technology includes public, private, and consortiums. The Internet of Things is a new communication environment that can be connected to anything anytime, any‘where‘. It is a technique that solves the constraints of the mixture that connects humans and humans, humans and things, things and things. Big data is being applied to areas such as platforms and analytics.

12주차(2)

The expression of the public domain in several terms indicates that the meaning of the public domain varies. The public domain described by Harbourmas is independent of the state or economic forces. As a domain, the public domain is a term that is mainly used in the IT field, which means information that anyone can freely copy or modify and that can be used in any way or for any purpose. The public sector, to be precise, is translated into the public sector and includes public corporations, quasi-government agencies and other public institutions.

The scope of the public service industry in which ICT technology is utilized varies greatly. Examples include electricity, gas, water and sewage, and public administration. Services in public administration include civil petitions 24, systems for issuing passports, administrative systems by local governments, and online administrative trials. Although it is used in countless areas in the public sector, for example, there is an "AI pedestrian notification system."

With the recent passage of the law, everyone is cautious in child protection zones. As a result of preliminary research to reduce the risk of traffic accidents, most of them occur in blind spots of drivers. Therefore, to solve this problem, the ‘AI pedestrian notification‘ system was established and the local government started the test operation for the first time. The AI pedestrian notification system consists of a CCTV camera, an display that informs the driver of the detected situation, and an intelligent module that acts as a brain.

As a result, the deceleration began at a distance of 5M or more before the system was introduced, but from a point more than 15M away after the introduction, the driver recognized the pedestrian and began deceleration. Furthermore, there are examples of technology use, such as no traffic accidents at the target site from the time of installation.

13주차(1)

The era of community-tailored services has arrived. Therefore, customized community life support services have emerged. Currently, South Korea has the highest online participation index in the world. For example, when social problems arise, many people are currently involved in making decisions on the opening of middle and high school students, such as raising a national petition. However, the problem is that the government-led e-government is insufficient to provide consumer-oriented services. Therefore, a consumer-centered approach is required to improve the utilization of e-government services.

Community-tailored services should be provided by the government with more active access to and from residents‘ living services suitable for people‘s lives and regional situations. In addition, the need is emphasized as people are demanding that various public services be provided in a more active manner in line with changes in the socio-economic environment. Reestablishment of existing community concepts is necessary. In order to define a clearer concept of local information service, it is necessary to divide it into four categories and analyze its contents. At present, this process is so simultaneous that it is difficult to distinguish, but it is important to distinguish it virtually clearly. It is necessary to redefine the concept of local information by establishing relationships among concept objects. It is necessary to try new ways of thinking, such as conducting legal reviews by AI.

Government 3.0 means that the opening and sharing of information will increase jobs and make life easier. In other words, it is a new government-run paradigm that actively opens and shares public information, removes inter-ministerial partitions, provides customized services for the people through communication and cooperation, and supports job creation and creative economy. Customized community life support services emerge based on the limitations of existing e-government service research.

Gradually, the community service paradigm has changed in a way that can adequately meet the needs of people from different classes. The policy goal is to establish a customized integrated service delivery system centered on consumers so that services cannot be delivered to those in need without duplication and omission. An example is dealing with the concept of how to provide emergency disaster support. Resident life services are classified into types according to event and age to derive comprehensive major services. It is important to model human imagination into mathematics and apply it to machines.

13주차(2)

The national policy changes due to the COVID-19 era. COVID-19 calls for attempts to solve urban problems from a new perspective. In other words, the need to gather forces of collective intelligence and respond systematically has increased. These national territory policies contribute to resolving the deepening polarization of the digital economic era through consideration for the socially disadvantaged class. We must develop in a sustainable and wise direction with nature.

COVID-19 needs an unprecedented experience and a new perspective to try to solve problems. As the economic and social crisis under the COVID-19 spreads around the world, its impact calls for the overall reorganization of urban people‘s way of life. COVID-19 has nothing to benchmark, so it has to pioneer on its own. We must unite the power of collective intelligence to overcome national crises, fears and seek solutions.

The ultimate flow of change is man and mathematics. The penetrating logic of social development is to model human imagination into mathematics and apply it to machines. In the city, there was a crisis in public transportation such as blood vessels. It also resulted in a momentary contraction of the shared economy, which had been in the spotlight as an alternative to the concept of ownership of the mass production system. Sharing projects will take a toll as social distinctions become commonplace.

The expansion of non-face-to-face decision-making methods is feared to worsen the quality of residents‘ participation and public opinion gathering. As a direct participatory decision-making crisis, there are typical types of discussions and seminars. Also, the demand for traditional office space is decreasing. In other words, demand for white-collar office space is expected to shrink. Sales at restaurants and entertainment establishments are falling and demand for space is shrinking. The expansion of non-face-to-face consumption methods is accelerating the change in logistics distribution business. For example, department stores and large discount stores are facing difficulties, with offline large retailers losing their grip.

14주차(1)

From now on we have to live at least 80 more years. Therefore, you should not be too swayed by the changes of the world and calmly go your own way. There are many politicians who have good opinions, but none of them listen to good information.

We can‘t all live like people who serve all our lives, but we need to think about the value and weight of these people‘s lives. We may read more in a day than Confucius has ever read in his lifetime. But wisdom won‘t. Therefore, knowledge is time for humans to be in charge of artificial intelligence and computers, and humans should be in charge of wisdom and creativity. The success of the Korean New Deal and a happy society should be accompanied by the Education New Deal. In other words, fundamental support measures are needed for various experiences and value sharing.

COVID-19 will never disappear. But overcoming this is community humanity, or people. We live in summer, not summer, because most of us live in air conditioners. This will make it difficult for COVID-19 to disappear. Replying to the value of community and gratitude for the supply of masks to veterans and overseas adoptees is an expression of community values that are successfully overcoming COVID-19 . Three times the principle of life is one‘s share, the other should maintain the organization, and the other should strive for the development of the organization. It means you have to take three times more than the existing value.

For CEOs, artificial intelligence is more effective than humans in the future. Because artificial intelligence is less likely to make mistakes when judging. The penetrating logic of social development is to model one‘s imagination into mathematics and apply it to machines. It is constantly seeking to develop into a wise or smart society, but it may actually be. It is impossible without Wisdom New Deal to move toward a wise society.

The COVID-19 caused a lot of damage, but the natural order is running smoothly, and most man-made things are stopped, clearing the air and restoring the ecosystem. Nevertheless, the world is not stopping, and the fourth industrial society is moving forward to the explosion war. This is a change brought by COVID-19.