행정정보체계론 출석 및 과제점검표(재택수업 스스로 점검하기)

학과: 행정학과

학번:21606893

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과제2((제출일자)	○			6/25
계

이름: 신성욱

강의 요약 정리

1주차(1)

What is study and what should I study?

Future study will be a brain training process for better results in the information society.

What can I contribute to changing society?

Love yourself, Have big dreams and change yourself first.

1주차(2)

First of all, the most basic requirement for students is psychological and physical health.

Second, students must study at least 8 hours a day.

We can easily obtain various information as we move from an Agricultural society to an information age.

Students should study in various ways through various information.

Students can move in a better direction when they integrate various information and use it.

2주차(1)

A New Paradigm in the Information Age.

All tools of Agricultural and industrial age improve human physical ability, but digital tools of information age improve human mental ability.

With the advent of the information age, the organizational structure has been transformed into a horizontal and flexible one.

In addition, the social structure moving by region or country was transformed into the global village era based on information and communication technology.

The reason for the advent of the information age is that it has created a new paradigm of globalization by providing a clue to the problem of time and space, which is the basic constraint of social and economic activities.

Due to the information age, e-government was established in terms of politics and administration, and IOT was established in terms of technology.

2주차(2)

We live in the 4th Industrial Revolution age and the 4th industrial Revolution is the super-connectedness and super-intelligence of people, objects and spaces to connect industrial structures to social systems.

AI technology that enables human intelligence to perform tasks like humans through computers, IOT technology that connects objects to devices via wired and wireless Internet.

VR technology that imitates the environment and situation of reality through computer, and AR technology that combines or increases virtual images over and over.

4th industrial revolution age is science and technology affect all industrial sectors of society.

4th Industrial Revolution age is wealth and power are concentrated on a few powerful platforms that dominate the market, and social risks such as social conflict and anxiety arising from inequality and imbalances arise.

At this time, the government should universalize its information power and efficiently provide various services to the civil society.

In the coming 5th industrial revolution, biology and Nano technology will lead the revolution.

3주차(1)

The concept of information continues to change as society develops and the information society becomes more advanced.

In general, information is a meaningful content used for the decision or action of an individual or organization as a message to something.

To correctly recognize information, it is important to identify the characteristics of the information.

The nature of information is non-consumption, cumulative effects, non-transferable, non-depreciation and no change in quality, Has the dimension in time Information can be copied with back, and the distinction between producers and consumers is ambiguous, allowing them to play the role of producers and consumers simultaneously.

The same information also has very different effects depending on the user‘s knowledge, motivation and ability to use it.

Although accuracy is paramount, the utility of the information depends on its ease of use as follows.

Formal utility that meets the Formal effects, time utility that provides the right information at the right Time effect; space utility that provides easy access to the location effect; ownership utility that affects value by limiting the sharing of ownership effect.

Information systems are characterized by distinguish, connectivity, interchange, mediation, total effectuation as elements that are interconnected to each other for common purposes.

3주차(2)

Under the influence of the major industries of the time, the city grows into a city that fits the characteristics of each era.

Modern cities developed in the form of information cities due to the influence of traffic and information and communication.

Modern cities have increased interest in transportation, logistics concentration and sustainable urban environment due to the acceleration of urbanization through the aggregation of economic power, expansion of cities due to solid housing and the compilation of urban functions.

The future city of u-city is an intelligent city fused into urban space as an environment, not a tool, with advanced information and communication infrastructure and ubiquitous information services.

Various urban activities such as transportation, environment, facility management, urban safety management and culture are established through u-IT as intelligent services to pursue the life benefits of urban dwellers.

The u-City, pushed by local governments, includes policies to foster specialized industries to revitalize the economy of regional cities in addition to building urban living services.

Future City is a self-sustaining city with improved overall living conditions in the city through three elements of u-City‘s infrastructure, services and policies.

The construction of u-City requires a new type of approach in which information technology and construction technology are converged, different from the existing new town development or information service projects.

Successful u-City requires a macro and long-term push at the national level.

4주차(1)

What is a Public Information System?

Public information systems are information system available for public use.

There are public information systems both in the public sector and in the private sector, and both citizens and businesses may be users of such systems.

Orman defines public information systems as "systems designed for use by the general public, rather than specialists in addition particular field or organization".

"Public management information systems" is a concept and research area related to, and partly overlapping with "public information systems".

The definition of public information systems as information systems available for public use leaves open a number of questions which will be discussed here.

Some relevant question are:

What is "public use"?

Do public information systems deal with public data (only)?

Now we turn to a more systematic approach for defining concepts.

4주차(2)

Environmental Characteristics of Information Society.

1. Personal Environment of Information Society

It is necessary to stick to the basics and to change the information society is an unfamiliar field, so it is necessary to always take a challenge.

2. The International Environment of Information Society

The 21st century is entering a society ‘where‘ information services are in full swing, and major advanced countries around the world recognize information services as the most important measure of national development in the 21st century knowledge and information society, and are speeding up informationization by preparing various promotion strategies for each field of society.

In the past, the government invested a lot of effort and time in building social infrastructure such as roads, ports, railways, and airports, which are national infrastructure, such as building national ultra-high-speed information networks, and advanced countries have recently put a lot of effort into building and utilizing information service minds such as national information service education and software development.

Countries are actively striving to realize electronic democracy by using information technology to change the government and people more directly and democratically, and spreading the disclosure and provision of information through the Internet.

In order to cope with the rapidly changing international economic situation and adapt to the digital economic society, the task of advancing the economic structure through informationization has emerged as an important issue.

To this end, it is important to foster the foundation of the information and communication industry, such as the continuous expansion of information service investment and the development of technologies related to the cultivation of information personnel that can effectively utilize them.

5주차(1)

3. Information Contents of Public Information Systems

As discussed in the previous section, a public information system supports tasks and  processes,  in  which different  types  of  actors  are  involved  in  different  roles.

In fulfilling its supporting role, the public information system and users will require access to the data and the information system process itself will generate the data.

Data generated when properly designed and organized can be reused by other processes, thereby improving the efficiency and quality of those processes.

The data used and produced by a public information system may be category in different ways.

Directive data, in contrast to operative data, are not necessary, in an absolute sense, for the proper functioning of the supported process, but directive or analytical data, as they are also called, are supposed to be valuable for the efficiency of the process, and for the quality of the results.

Procedural data are descriptions and other representations of rules of some kind.

Meta data are briefly defined as “data about data”.

Process data, or para data as they are also called, are data that are fed back from the process they inform about.

Archival data, also called records by modern archivists, should have a more important role in future systems than they usually have today.

5주차(2)

Teaching and studying to Learning by Doing.

The para dime of society is changing through the revolution and we need to evolve in line with it.

In order for us to understand information society, we must first understand the characteristics of information.

Information characteristics include non-consumption, copy ability, cumulative effectiveness and non-transferability.

Problems arising from the characteristics of this information include piracy, ownership problems, and social inequality.

Becoming an information society, various changes in the social structure also occurred.

In the economic sector, the economy of industrial society changed from economy to digital economy, and many vertical structures changed to horizontal structure.

In addition, cyber education has developed in education, and the government has begun to form e-government.

The ultimate direction of information society is to overcome the limitations of time and move toward changing urban spatial structure.

Schools should help students acquire the expertise and skills needed in the IOT era through the education and research needed in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to grow into talent who can work ‘where‘ they want.

6주차(1)

Geographic Information Systems "GIS"

GIs is a System of computer software, hardware and data, and personnel to help manipulate, analyze

and present information that is tied to a spatial location-

1 Spatial location - usually a geographic location

2 Information - visualization of analysis of data

3 system - linking software, hardware, data

4 personnel - a thinking explorer who is key to the power of GIS

GPS and GIS are different, and GPS is Global positioning system.

Method for GIS - visualize, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial data.

Some Ways Gis is used

Emergency Services, Environmental, Business, Industry, Government, Education.

6주차(2)

Data Structure and Characteristics of GIS.

Data is not processed into a simple set of facts or numbers that represent the real world, and it is meaningless in itself.

Information is the meaning derived from one or more data, easy to share, and enables new information to be generated through analysis.

Location data is information that indicates the points or positions on the image or map in a flat or vertical position, and there are relative location data and absolute location data.

Relative location data are the criteria for location information, relative location, or phase relationship in the model space, and absolute location data are the criteria for location information in the actual space, and location in the ground, underground, marine air, or space.

Shape data consists of six shape elements to describe map shapes and annotations and are entered in a constant grid, Vector, and Raster format.

Video information refers to the digitization and input of images and photographs obtained through satellites and aircraft.

Attribute information includes reports, documents, ledgers, etc. that indicate the characteristics, quality, relationship, and topographical location of the map.

Features of Vector data include point, line, and face, and object-specific data management.

The characteristics of Raster data are that it is difficult to update the data and that data is stored and managed on a cell or pixel basis.

Vector data has high spatial accuracy and can be expressed in high resolution, but requires high level of technology and high cost of deployment.

Raster data uses relatively low-level technology that is easy to analyze, but is expressed with low spatial accuracy and low resolution.

9주차(1)

Changes in Information and Communication Technology and Administration

With the development of information and communication technology, society has changed into a phenomenon such as information society, knowledge and information society, and the function and role of the government has changed accordingly.

The background of the emergence of e-government is technological development (ICT), management revolution, and government innovation.

Since the discovery of Hewlett Packard in 1939 and the invention of the first commercial computer in 1950, information and communication technology has continued to develop.

As a result, the current information and communication technology has led to the emergence of e-government.

With the advent of e-government, the paradigm of public service delivery has also shifted.

The traditional bureaucracy was a vertical hierarchy, oriented toward the cost-efficiency of production, but the e-government is oriented toward user satisfaction, control, flexibility and forms a horizontal structure.

In addition, traditional bureaucracy was managed by rules and orders, but e-government values coordination and inter-departmental teamwork as management of flexibility.

Advances in information and communication technology have affected various fields such as culture, politics, society and economy.

For example, not only can people easily access foreign culture by using computers, but also people can participate in politics more easily and find information.

Also, electronic transactions have become more active through computers.

Information and communication technology has also had a lot of influence on administration.

As the lives of the people became more informative, interest in the quality of life increased, and various desires began to be expressed.

As a result, various crimes occurred through the Internet and the scope of police activities increased to prevent cyber crimes.

With the development of information and communication technology, society and economic structure also changed, and the function and role of administration changed, and e-government was designed.

9주차(2)

Changing into e-government has had various influences on the inside and outside of government agencies.

Inside, interconnection between departments and departments and agencies was facilitated and the efficiency of government internal processes was improved.

Outside, the government‘s transparency has increased and citizens‘ access to information

As a result, the relationship between the government and citizens has changed from vertical to horizontal.

The benefits of e-government include access to public information, improved interactions in the public sector, and improved public services.

Obstacles to the e-government drive include a lack of ICT infrastructure, a lack of ICT skills and resistance to change.

After the first, second and third rounds, it has now reached the era of the fourth industry.

The Quadratic industry uses cyber-physical systems to monitor, analyze and automate business.

The fourth industry is the convergence of the virtual, digital and real worlds to create various industries.

In the future, the government should take advantage of the fourth industry to push in four directions to become a creative and intelligent e-government.

First, expanding and deepening connectivity

duplex, activation of sharing

Third, a versatile and smart citizen.

Fourth, borderless and intensifying competition.

Being a creative and intelligent e-government will make citizens content with offline services.

10주차(1)

Informatization and business processes

Depending on the way you work, your organization‘s competitiveness is different.

Fundamental changes are needed in the process of handling tasks such as reengineering, process redesign and business process redesign.

Reengineering is essentially rethinking and fundamentally redesigning core business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in business processes such as quality, cost, service, and 고go.

BPR‘s goals include enhancing customer value, succeeding in the organization‘s vision and goals, and reducing costs for efficiency.

It also targets good people, fast processes and cheap technology in terms of products and services.

Key elements of BPR include organizational structure, technology, organizational culture and strategy.

BPR is needed to find new opportunities through customer-centered administration, changes in administrative environment, organizational competitiveness, and IT.

To successfully execute BPR, a BPR team should be formed to identify and analyze customer needs and business needs to make continuous improvements.

If there is a lack of awareness and willingness to push for BPR and training, it may fail.

Conditions for the success of BPR in the public sector require the attention and support of top managers, awareness of the need for change in members and education.

It should also consider the political situation and manage the sense of crisis among its members as a result of change.

When pursuing BPR, the definition, questions, methods for improvement, and solution development and analysis for process management should be reviewed.

10주차(2)

Business Reference Model

It is a kind of reference model to clarify the linkage relationship between the functions of the ministries and to facilitate the joint utilization and collaboration of information in information service and related tasks.

The medical institution implements and operates an information service system to support electronic processing of functional classification of government affairs and to expand the joint utilization of linked information, etc.

The functional classification of administrative work is to classify the work of administrative agencies around their own functions and define the information related to the classified work.

The basic objectives of BRM operations and the expected effects thereof are varied.

Through information sharing, it is expected to establish a foundation for horizontal cooperation system among all ministries and to provide a foundation for securing continuity in the performance of administrative affairs to efficiently grasp the work and the performance process.

Also, it is expected that the government will provide a foundation for seamless public service.

There are three limitations of BRM.

1. It does not include work process information on how individual unit work is being carried out, so it is difficult to grasp how the knowledge and experience of public officials performing work on the actual front line are reflected in the work procedures.

2. Fundamentally, it is based on unit work, which is the basic unit of organizational composition under the current legislation, so it is fundamentally less responsive to everyday changes.

3. We take a top-down view, starting from the perspective of the chief executive, rather than the bottom-up view of reorganizing processes in the performance of individual civil servants‘ work.

Business Process Management Model

The focus is on continuous improvement of processes from a cross-functional point of view in order to restructure the work.

BPM is one of the business innovation methodologies that enables organic integration of the entire task process, both within and outside the organization.

The main success theory of BPM is situational theory, dynamic capacity, task-technical fit theory.

BPM contributes to the improvement of resource management and integration of administrative operations in the public sector and helps align policies and strategies in operation.

Informatization Strategy Plan

It is a systematic and deliberate activity to bring about distinct advantages through informationization.

The purpose of ISP is to properly integrate the organization‘s management strategy and goals with the current direction of information technology.

The success of ISPs requires the attention and involvement of top and senior managers, and the linkage of information service strategies and business goals.

11주차(1)

Electronic Citizen Participation

Citizen participation is essential to realizing local autonomy and democracy in the governance structure.

Citizens must engage in administrative and political participation and can make better policies through participation or realize social conflict resolution and social equity.

Citizens and governments should work together to create social shared value.

Electronic civic participation is an activity in which citizens participate in political processes and policymaking processes by utilizing electronic tools such as online and Internet.

As it moves from the back office area to the front office area, electronic civic participation increases and democracy and transparency increase.

Electronic civic participation has a variety of models, including bystandards, individual types, network types and proxy types.

The reason for the need for electronic civic participation is that the government can gain access to the system and overcome the restrictions on participation in time and space.

Positive effects of electronic civic participation include the ease of gathering policy opinions through ICT, the possibility of interactive communication, and the reduction of administrative losses.

Negative effects include reducing the administrative discretion of front-line civil servants, increasing opportunities to present various opinions, and difficulties in making decisions and enforcing them.

Electronic civic participation is to solve policy problems with collective intelligence through the participation of more people in the process of making decisions through free discussion and deliberation in the policy-making process.

The process of electronic policymaking is as follows.

1. Social problems arise through administrative portal sites, media, public opinion, SNS, etc.

2. Recognizing Government Policy Issues

3. ‘select‘ policy agendas posted on administrative portal or mobile and include expert opinions.

4. Setting policy agendas in consideration of importance, urgency, ripple effect, practicability, etc. and holding voting on portals or mobile devices

5. Collect citizen‘s opinions and review and predict alternatives with experts

6. Finally, vote through portals and mobile to determine the final draft

Considerations of e-citizen participation in the policymaking process should take into account issues of democracy and the realization of values of public character, representation and equity of opinions.

11주차(2)

Implementation of Electronic Citizen Participation

The cyber participation model differs depending on the degree of expertise and politicality of administration.

The electronic management model is that both the importance of political judgment and the strength of expertise in administrative affairs are weak.

The electronic agent model shows the importance of political judgment and the strength of expertise in administrative affairs.

The electronic model of civic participation is that political judgment is of high importance but the level of expertise in administrative affairs is weak.

Although political judgment is of low importance, it is an electronic bureaucratic model that has a strong degree of expertise in administrative affairs.

The basic elements of the form of electronic citizen participation are information provision, policymaking and consultation.

A common prerequisite for electronic civic participation is to form legal, policy and institutional frameworks, prepare electronic citizen participation methods and practice tools, and then introduce new ICT.

As the quality and stability of electronic services improve, citizens will increase and participate in government trust.

Motivation factors for electronic civic participation include expectations of opinion ‘select‘ion and political efficacy through electronic civic participation.

Obstacles include budget shortages, lack of technical officials, upgrades and stability issues.

Components of digital capabilities include public interest thinking, sharing, collaboration, and finding problems in the world.

Digital citizens all have digital literacy, respect for online community values, and cyber safety skills.

12주차(1)

A Study on the Implementation of Intelligent Design in the Public Sector Using ICT

ICT does not legally define information and communication technology itself.

However, looking at the definition of information and communications, the Framework Act on National Informatization defines ‘information and communication‘ as "a series of activities and means to promote the collection, processing, storage, search, transmission, reception and utilization of information, related devices, technologies, services and other information services."

Intelligent information technology is an advanced ICT, defined as "the technology that combines artificial intelligence technology and data utilization technology to implement human high-level information processing capabilities in machines."

Artificial intelligence is an intelligent technology that implements some or all of human intelligence, such as cognitive recognition and learning, using computers.

Artificial intelligence‘s technology is represented by five key technologies: learning and reasoning skills, situation understanding skills, language comprehension skills, blind understanding skills, recognition and recognition technologies.

Although the nation‘s artificial intelligence technology is relatively low, its future prospects are positive, given that it has improved 4.2 percent from last year and that the technology gap has also narrowed slightly from 2.2 years to 1.8 years.

In its "Artificial Intelligence R&D Plan," the government is seeking to push for large-scale artificial intelligence projects in the public sector, expand investment in hardware and strengthen integration with other sectors.

Data utilization technology is ICT that collects, stores, and processes data, including IoT, Cloud, BigData, and Mobile.

The fourth industrial revolution is triggered by technological innovation through convergence with science and technology in physics and biology, including 3D printing, nanotechnology and biomedical engineering, as well as intelligent information technology.

Not only is knowledge and information in various fields shared and linked, but it is also entering an era ‘where‘ new values are created through convergence between technologies.

This technological innovation is also expected to be a driving force to address social issues as well as industrial reorganization and economic growth.

Blockchain is technically a distributed ledger network technology in which information about transactions, contracts, etc. can be connected and stored on a distributed ledger, and in a broad sense, the program can self-execute without a central server.

Blockchain is divided into public and private blockchains, and hybrid or consortium blockchains, depending on whether prior approval is required to participate in the network.

Domestic block chain technology lags behind the U.S., Europe, Japan and the Middle East.

Accordingly, active plans such as development of block chain technology platforms specialized in each industry, establishment of technology support centers, and provision of development test beds were announced in accordance with the mid- to long-term roadmap for technology development through the "Blockchain Technology Development Strategy.“
12주차(2)

A Study on the Implementation of Intelligent Design in the Public Sector Using ICT

Companies such as Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle are increasingly offering cloud-type big data platforms.

The fact that the public domain can be translated into various terms means that the public domain has so many meanings.

The public domain corresponding to the Public Sphere was first used by Harbormas as it was popular in the social sciences.

The public domain of Harbourmas is a forum for public debate in which individuals voluntarily, autonomously and reasonably argue beyond their interests.

Public domain is a term commonly used in the IT sector that refers to "information that can be copied or modified freely by anyone and used in any way or for any purpose."

In other words, it can be understood as content free from copyright law.

Public sectors include public corporations, quasi-government agencies and other public institutions, which are translated precisely into the public sector and run for public interest purposes with government financial support.

As such, the public domain is used in different ways in different fields.

The public domain means the public service sector provided for public interest purposes.

Specifically, areas that provide public services such as education, public administration, disaster and transportation facilities, environment, public welfare, and social welfare are included in the public domain.

Public service means "any variety of goods or services provided to citizens by public institutions, such as public corporations and quasi-government organizations, or by the private sector and non-profit organizations, for the sake of the public interest."

The industries in which public services are provided are largely energy, construction, public administration, education, health and social welfare.

13주차(1)

The advent of a community-tailored service era

As the era of community-tailored services becomes an era of community-specific services, a consumer-centered approach is required to enhance the utilization rate of e-government services.

Therefore, it is necessary to provide various services to the people in an active manner in accordance with the socio-economic environment.

Community-tailored services are needed because in the future e-governments will have to provide more active access to and provide community life services suitable for people‘s lives and regional situations.

It is also because people are required to receive various public services in a more active manner in line with socioeconomic changes in the environment.

Existing communities have limitations in concept and must be reestablished.

In order to discuss the concept of local information service in many studies as the national information service project progresses and to define a clearer concept of local information service, the contents of local information service should be analyzed by dividing it into the promotion subject, the promotion target and the promotion strategy.

The policy goal is to establish a customized integrated service delivery system centered on consumers so that services can be delivered to those in need without duplication or omission.

The public‘s desire for social welfare has become more complicated and diversified, which has led to the government‘s active push.

Community-tailored services should address policy implications in various directions in the future.

In the development and deployment of community e-government services, it should be developed in a way that reflects the needs of the people and intends to implement customer-centered e-government services.

It is time to form discourse and issue from various perspectives, including public management and mutual monitoring, autonomous control, optimization of regulation and deregulation, and development of happiness index.

13주차(2)

Urban Society of the Covid-19, Spatial Change and Policy Issues

Since Covid-19 provides unprecedented experience and calls for attempts to solve urban problems from a new perspective, the need for collective intelligence to gather strength and systematically respond has increased.

It should also contribute to resolving the deepening polarization phenomenon in the digital economic era through consideration for the economically and socially disadvantaged in terms of urban policy, planning and design.

Covid-19 needs unprecedented experience and effort to solve the problem from a new perspective.

Some economists predict that if the current situation is prolonged, there will be a more serious level of economic crisis than the 1998 or 2008 financial crisis and the global economic order will likely be reshuffled.

At this time, we must unite the power of collective intelligence to overcome national crises and fears and seek solutions.

Covid-19 is causing various damage.

First, public transportation was in crisis due to a sharp drop in the number of passengers on roads, railways, and aviation as human and physical movements or exchanges were restricted and prohibited in various spaces.

Second, the sharing economy, which had recently been in the spotlight for tourism, lodging, and shared housing, was also dampened by the price of Hansun.

Third, due to the non-face-to-face, the quality level of the decision-making system is feared to deteriorate in the way residents participate and gather public opinion.

Fourth, restaurants, entertainment establishments, and offline large retailers lost their competitiveness.

14주차(1)

We must live at least another 80 years.

Therefore, you should not be too swayed by the changes of the world, but calmly go your own way.

The success of the Korean version of the New Deal and a happy society should develop in a wise direction based on the so-called Triangle Theory of Education, Education New Deal + Community Value + Digital New Deal + Green New Deal.

Also, knowledge can be borrowed, but wisdom is not easy to borrow, knowledge accumulates, but wisdom must be built entirely by constant self-effort.

Smart power never disappears, and it is community humanity, or love, that overcomes it.

Three times the principle of life is one‘s share, organizational maintenance and organizational development.

There have been various changes in society since Covid-19.

There is a return to the agrarian society in the energy sector, and power generation in the fourth and fifth industrial era in the technology sector.

The economy is now shifting from a mass production and consumer economy to a subscription economy beyond a shared economy.

We must go our own way silently.

Also, life is said to be a marathon, but it is a mixture of short, medium, and marathon, sometimes resting, and upside down or sideways.

Therefore, you should be at ease.