행정정보체계론 출석 및 과제점검표(재택수업 스스로 점검하기)

학과: 행정학과

학번: 21506867

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15주차 기말고사
과제1(제출일자)	○			4/27
과제2((제출일자)	○			6/17
계

이름: 전태성

강의 요약 정리

1주차(1)

students should know how to choose and regulate themselves.

Fossil energy is no longer viable on Earth, so sustainable energy must be developed. For example, solar energy.

also We must use all our imagination to set the direction in which we are headed.

Animals study only as much as they need in life, but people study for development. However, if study is misused, it can cause great harm to society.Therefore, securing humanity is the most important thing.

Before you build up your knowledge, you must build your body and change yourself first.

1주차(2)

Students must be physically and psychologically healthy, study at least eight hours, and study more than 20 hours a day to recover from their last college life.

There are three different times at the same time in an information society.(agricultural, industrial, and information society)

agricultural society

Very low productivity and poor daily life.

industrial society

Contributing to economic development using fossil energy, but causing environmental pollution and unsustainable energy

information society

There is no restriction on the transmission of information.

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Every development to industrial society has sought to improve human physical ability, but the development of information society has sought to improve mental ability.

By pursuing the paradigm of mass production, mass distribution and mass consumption, the industrial society enjoyed material affluence but caused side effects that accelerated the destruction of the environment.

The paradigm of an industrial society that destroys nature is difficult to sustain and requires a new paradigm for nature and human beings to coexist.

The information society, which is defined as a knowledge society, network society, globalization society, etc., has unlimited potential for development beyond the limits of industrial society.

Information society refers to the development of economic and social activities centered on the service and production of information as the value of information has increased relatively on behalf of the material or energy that has been present.

2주차(2)

The fourth industrial revolution was an artificial intelligence-based all-around intelligence revolution, which revolutionized the social system of industrial structure by super-connected and super-intelligent people, things, and spaces.

The technologies leading the fourth industrial revolution include unmanned transport means, 3D printing, robotics, new materials, iot, bitcoin and digital platforms, while those leading the fifth industrial revolution include genetics, synthetic biology, bio-printing and nanotechnology.

Science technology has a positive and negative impact on all industrial sectors of society. The fourth industry also has inequality, imbalance between countries, social unrest and potential risks of terrorism.

In this society, the government should expand the functions of e-government, improve transparency and accountability, and strengthen relations with the people.

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The concept of information continues to change as society develops. Information is a message to something that is difficult to define precisely because it does not have a specific entity as a meaningful content used for making decisions or actions by an individual or organization.

The nature of information is not lost, it is possible to copy it, and the accumulation of information makes it more useful, blurring the distinction between producers and consumers, and at the same time as producers, and also acts as consumers.

Unlike other general products, information will have different effects depending on the knowledge or ability of the users to use the same information.

A system is a set of interconnected elements. types of systems include Deterministic System and Probabilistic System,  Open and close system, Artificial System, Closed Decision System and Open Probabilistic Decision system, human-machine system etc.

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Modern cities accelerate urban phenomena in terms of economy, housing, transportation and environment. Future City is a self-sustaining city with improved overall living conditions in the city through three elements of u-city‘s infrastructure, services and policies.

Under the influence of major industries of the times, cities grow and develop into cities that fit the characteristics of each era. Ancient or medi cities were colonized by the influence of agriculture and commerce; ancient cities of B.C. were urban states or small cities and cities of the Middle Ages since the 15th century were developed into industrial cities in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought about Metropolis and Megalopolis.

Modern cities appear to be accelerating urbanization through the aggregation of economic power, expanding cities due to securing residential areas, concentrating on transportation and logistics due to the compilation of urban functions, and increasing interest in sustainable urban environments.

U-city is an advanced intelligent city ‘where‘ advanced information and communication infrastructure and ubiquitous information services converge into urban space as an environment rather than a tool. U-city aims to intelligentize urban living services and foster urban specialized industries.

The city of the future is realized through the three elements of u-city infrastructure, services, and policies, and a new concept of urban infrastructure that fuses it with construction infrastructure is emerging, Changes in urban spatial structure, such as decentralization of residential areas, u-Intelligence of urban transport and logistics networks through the spread of transportation services, u-Reality of pleasant urban environment through expansion of environmental services, With the development of specialized industry-oriented cities, the realization of balanced regional development will be made.

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A public information system is an information system available to the public. To define in more detail, it is defined as a system designed to be used by the general public, not by experts in a particular field or organization.

A public management information system is defined by an information system generally used in public administration, namely an organization belonging to the public sector. As a result of this definition, a private information system is defined as an information system used by organizations belonging to the private sector, a private business primarily seeking profit.

The concept of public information systems can be analyzed from three perspectives practical, semantic, and syntactic.

The purpose of a public information system is to provide some kind of service or support for a public process or a process involving the general public or society as a whole. In contrast, a private or private information system provides services to some specific users who are closely associated with a particular organization and performs certain tasks that often exist within the organization, such as the internal management process.

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In a society ‘where‘ only one person is first, everyone must run in different directions, go a strange way and stick to the basics in order to win first place. In the information society, personal backgrounds such as academic background do not matter much. Everything is determined by personal effort and ability.

The 21st century is entering a society ‘where‘ informationization are in full swing. Developed countries recognize informationization as the most important measure of national development in the knowledge and information society in the 21st century, and are speeding up informationization by preparing various promotion strategies for each field of society.

Countries around the world have developed and implemented information service promotion plans suitable for their respective countries in line with the information age. The Ministry of Information and Communication defines strong trends in information service as follows: information service as a means of reorganizing the national society, promotion of a nationwide information service plan, the spread of the use of the Internet and changes in economic activities, the spread of e-government and e-democracy, and the direction of information service linked to the world.

The characteristics of the domestic environment in the information service society include the system for promoting information service, fostering and content of the information and communication industry, and the ‘select‘ion and promotion of information service leading projects.

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Public information systems support tasks and processes in which different types of actors engage in different roles.

Data used and produced by the public information system can be classified as Direct Data, Professional Data, Metadata, Process Data.

The public information system should mainly contain the data necessary to perform the work of the system.

Archive data, also called records by modern recorders, should play a more important role in future systems than they have today.

Thanks to modern Internet-based technology, it has become economically possible to provide many public information systems and their outputs to users free of charge. This means that public information systems can be considered public goods or free utilities. But sometimes it may be necessary to charge users.

Economists say public data and public information services should in principle be treated similarly to other public goods and services. It argued that providing information services in the public information system free of charge is desirable, justifiable and reasonable sometimes, but sometimes not.

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The social paradigm changed from hunting to farming, from industrial to industrial, and from industrial to information society, so the current society overcame the limitations of time and space and improved the mental capacity of human beings.

Information is not lost by use, is copyable, is more valuable or useful as it accumulates, is not lost or diminished by distribution, the distinction between producers and consumers is ambiguous, the role of producers and consumers does not take shape.

The educational paradigm of the information age has changed to web-based real-time or anytime education, computer education, consumer-centered education, and education that participates together.

The e-government aims for a small and competitive government, a fast, convenient and transparent government, a productive government, and a democratic government that unites the people.

The educational environment should also change, and professors should predict social changes, increase their ability to utilize education programs and change their teaching methods. Students should change their perceptions, cultivate continuous education and training and computer skills, and have accurate awareness of their future.

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gis is a geographic information system that helps to manipulate, analyze and display information linked to computer software, hardware, data, and spatial locations. There are two ways to input and visualize data. It‘s a raster and a vector. Raster is the form of satellite images and aerial photographs, and vectors are dots, lines, polygons and shapes. gis App data generates digitized scan maps by the user. Gps tells you the exact location. gis is used for delivery systems, medical care, research and monitoring ‘where‘ spatial data analysis is needed, such as emergency services, environment, business, industry, government and education.

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Data is a simple set of facts or numbers that represent the real world, and it is meaningless in itself. Information can be derived from one or more data, easily shared, and new information can be generated through the doorstep.

Geospatial information can be classified into location data and characteristic data, which means information indicating points or positions on images or maps by plane or vertical location, and can be divided into relative location data and absolute location data. Characteristic data consists of six shape elements for describing map shapes and annotations. Shape data entered in a certain grid, vector and raster type, image information obtained through satellite can be divided into image data entered by digitizing, characteristics of map shape, quality, relationship, and property data showing topographical location.

Vector data is expressed in dots, lines, and facades, and is characterized by ease of updating and maintaining data, while Lester data is stored and managed on a cell or pixel basis and easily acquired by scanning, difficulty in updating data, and the amount of data is vast.

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8주차 중간고사

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With the development of information and communication technology, social changes such as information society, digital society, and smart society have been made, and the role of the government has changed. Technological development, management revolution and government innovation have been the reasons behind the emergence of e-government.

The paradigm of public service delivery was transformed, during the traditional bureaucratic paradigm, the cost and efficiency of production were pursued and the control was managed by rules and orders, and the leadership of command and control, vertical and top-down communication were made. On the other hand, during the e-government paradigm, user satisfaction, control, flexibility, coordination and inter-departmental team work management were achieved, and innovative entrepreneurship, multi-way networks, and direct communication were achieved. In addition, the bureaucratic paradigm is a face-to-face interaction, while the e-government paradigm is a non-face-to-face interaction.

ICT has affected such things as digitalization of online games, e-books and movies, transparency and accountability, realization of electronic democracy, expansion of people‘s participation, anonymity, changes in online education, communication methods, electronic transactions and management methods.

ICT has also affected administration, including changes in administrative demand, changes in the lives of citizens, new social problems, strengthening support for strengthening companies‘ national competitiveness and increasing administrative demand for culture.

The e-government has influenced administration, including citizen-centered services, information as public resources, skills and relationships of new technologies, and changes in responsibilities and management models.

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The e-government has had an impact on improving the efficiency of internal government processes, increasing government transparency, improving citizens‘ access to government information, promoting collaboration and cooperation among government agencies, and changing government-citizen relations.

The advantages of e-government include easier access to public information, improved public services, increased efficiency and effectiveness, increased transparency and accountability, improved control of government bureaucracy, and provided electronic democratic channels,  includes enhancing civic confidence in the government and revamping the public sector‘s image.

Limits to the e-government drive include the will to push ahead with the leader, lack of ICT infrastructure, lack of ICT skills, cost burden, invasion of privacy of personal information leakage, reliability of information, resistance to change, digital divide, lack of policy and lack of part seonib.

Examples of technologies from the fourth industrial revolution include big data, IOT, 3D printing, augmented reality, autonomous cars, virtual reality, drones, robots, artificial intelligence, fintech, cloud and fintech.

E-government should be pushed in a way that can become a creative e-government through expansion and deepening connectivity, activation of sharing, smart citizens, and deepening alerting and competition.

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Work process redesign is to make fundamental changes in the process of work, such as the way it works, to enhance the competitiveness of the organization.  Typical terms include reengineering, process redesign and BPR.

Reengineering refers to essentially rethinking and fundamentally redesigning core business processes for dramatic improvements in work processes such as quality, cost and service.

Key contents of BPR include ICT utilization, fundamental and rapid changes, reorganization of the organization, process and goal orientation. Targets include enhancing customer value, reducing costs for efficiency, strategically managing, and successfully achieving the organization‘s vision and goals. Components include redesigning the business process, changing organizational value, changing organizational structure, and changing the information system. BPR is needed to find new opportunities through IT, secure competitiveness of the organization, change the administrative environment, and customer-centered administration.

Through the introduction of IT, the organization expects the effects of increasing organizational performance, increasing efficiency, changing organizational structure, changing decision-making methods, and activating support functions.

Successful execution of BPR requires identification and analysis of customer needs, analysis of work needs, BPR teaming, and continuous improvement. Problems such as lack of awareness and willingness to drive BPR, lack of training, neglect of human factors and resistance to change can fail.

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BRM is a kind of reference model for clarifying the link between functions of ministries and facilitating the joint utilization and collaboration of information in information services and related tasks. The medical institution implements and operates an information service system to support the electronic classification of functions of government affairs and to expand the joint utilization of linked information, etc.

The basic purpose of BRM is to lay the foundation for horizontal cooperation system among all ministries through information sharing, to secure continuity of administrative work, to provide continuous efficiency and foundation for work processing, to efficiently grasp work and performance processes, to provide practical blueprints for the promotion of next-generation electronic local governments, and to provide diverse information on work functions.

The limitations of BRM include not including information on the process, insufficient reflection of dynamic elements of work, and bottom-up information systems, which are not sufficient to grasp the overall process of work, as they focus on the unit work of the organization.

BPM is a concept that focuses on continuous improvement of processes, etc. from a cross-functional point of view to re-structured tasks, including all the necessary organizational strategies for intelligent or automated management of all processes related to an organization's work, integrated management of information and processes within the organization, and sharing and managing processes between organizations.

In the public sector, BPM has the advantages of contributing to the improvement of resource management and integration of administrative operations, continuous improvement of service and quality, helping to improve performance and manage crises and changes, standardizing and harmonizing activities, overall control of work processes, increased transparency, and clarifying the scope and boundaries of accountability.

The Informatization Strategy Plan is a systematic and intentional preparatory activity for bringing about distinct advantages through informationization and an approach to enhance the competitiveness of the organization by considering the information system as a strategic resource and by using the organization's management strategy and information system strategy in conjunction with the information system strategy.

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Citizen participation is a combination of administrative and political participation. The significance of civic participation lies in the realization of local autonomy and democracy and is essential in the governance structure.

Citizen participation is necessary for strengthening trust in the government, realizing participatory democracy, enhancing the responsiveness and citizenship of administration, forming social capital, implementing and spreading governance, enhancing transparency in administration, and institutionalizing local autonomy.

In order for civic participation to be activated, citizens need to foster public character, create trust among citizens, accumulate social capital, and the government needs inclusive government, support social capital formation, and realize social justice.

The concept of electronic citizen participation is any activity in which citizens participate in political processes and policymaking processes using electronic tools, both online and Internet.

Electronic civic participation is necessary for securing access to government, overcoming time-to-time participation constraints, expediting participation, and promoting interaction between government and citizens.

The positive effects of electronic civic participation include the rapid handling of administrative affairs, the reduction of administrative losses, and the increase of administrative responsibility, while the negative effects include difficulties in the decision of civil servants due to various opinions, the process of coordination takes a lot of time, and the possibility of policy failure.

Considerations of electronic civic participation in the policymaking process include the realization of the values of democracy and public character, and the issue of representation and equity of opinions.

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Electronic civic participation is divided into electronic management models, electronic bureaucratic models, electronic civic participation models and electronic agent models according to the degree of expertise and political nature of administration. In the form of electronic civic participation, there are information provision, policymaking and consensus.

The areas of electronic participation include information provision, consultation, campaign, deliberation, discourse, arbitration, space planning, opinion polls, voting, etc. Common tools for electronic participation include webcasts, podcasts, wikis, blogs, surveyys, search tools, notification services and Web portals.

Common prerequisites for the implementation of electronic civic participation include the formation of legal and policy frames, the preparation of electronic civic participation methods and implementation tools, and the introduction of new ICT.

Motives for electronic civic participation include expectations of opinion ‘select‘ion, political efficacy, anonymity, privacy protection, increased accessibility, and convenience, while obstacles include budget shortages, lack of technical staff, upgrade problems, lack of software solutions, and remaining analog consciousness.

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ICT is an abbreviation of information and communication technology, which supports access to and distribution of information based on communication technology.  Intelligent information technology is an advanced ICT, defined as "the technology that combines artificial intelligence technology and data utilization technology to implement human high-level information processing capabilities in machines."

The fourth industrial revolution is triggered by technological innovation through convergence with science and technology in the fields of physics and biology as well as intelligence information technology. In other words, it is facing an era in which knowledge and information in various fields are perpetuated beyond the boundaries of existing areas and new values are created through convergence between technologies. This technological innovation is expected not only as an industrial reorganization and economic growth but also as a driving force to address social issues.

Artificial intelligence is an "intelligence that uses computers to implement some or all of human intelligence, such as cognition and learning."  Currently, artificial intelligence has developed not only to recognize and understand images, situations, emotions, etc., but also to play various roles, including reasoning, expressing knowledge, and physically collaborating behavioral intelligence.

Blockchain is technically a data chain in which information about transactions, contracts, etc. is encrypted and attached to the distributed ledger, and in a broad sense, it is a distributed ledger network in which the program can self-execute without a central server and the accompanying technology.

IOT, as the foundation technology leading the Fourth Industrial Revolution, is "a new communication environment that can be connected to anything anytime, anywhere, and solves the constraints of objects connecting humans and humans, humans and objects, objects and objects."

Big data technology usually refers to a solution that handles various types of digital data at high speed, which has increased exponentially. Big data is a concept that includes not only the amount of data but also the technology that processes and utilizes various types of data, and the scope of big data technology includes platform technologies such as data collection, storage and processing, and analysis technologies associated with it, new insights and utilization technologies that create business value. Currently, it is expanding to improve the use of data-to-data linkages, improve real-time analysis capabilities, intelligent . predictive analytics technology, big data collection, processing, storage, and analysis technologies.

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Public areas can be translated into various terms, and public areas, which are equivalent to public spaces, are areas where individuals gather to conduct super-personal communication activities, form public opinion, and also mean communication behavior itself.  The public domain as a public domain is a term commonly used in the IT field that anyone can freely copy or modify and use for any method or purpose. Finally, the public sector is translated precisely into the public sector. Institutions operated for public interest purposes with financial support from the government include public corporations, quasi-government agencies and other public institutions.

As for the types of public services, disaster safety services, a system used to respond to and restore disasters to preserve the national territory from natural and social disasters and protect the lives and property of the people, or to protect and maintain the safety and order of the people security prevention services, a system operated to maintain social order and prevent crimes and to guarantee the basic lives of the people and human dignity and human rights to support the disabled.

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The concept of regional information service has been discussed in many studies, and in order to define a clearer concept of regional information service, it is necessary to analyze the contents of local information service by dividing it into promoters, objectives, targets, and strategies, but the existing concept of local information service has limitations that it causes confusion in concept because there is no such distinction.  In the future, e-governments need to provide community-tailored services as the government needs to more actively access and provide residents' living services suitable for the people's lives and regional situations, and as the socioeconomic environment changes, people demand that various services be provided in a more active manner.

Local information service in the Government 3.0 environment is carried out in consideration of interactions between entities implementing local information services, while local information service in the Government 3.0 perspective creates trust through the participation process, provides a transparent basis for mutual transactions through disclosure and sharing, and serves to monitor violators who harm this order with other monitoring systems and to impose appropriate sanctions.

Conceptual characteristics of a community include that the concept of a community implies a community of geographical and functional meanings simultaneously and that the concept of a community has strong emotional ties based on the homogeneous identity of its members, which can be expressed by human emotions or actions. The characteristics of community welfare services are not centralized services, but regional and local services, which make it easier for residents to participate and require more participation.

The public's desire for social welfare has become complicated and diversified, the emphasis on public-private cooperation in terms of enhancing the efficiency of resource utilization, and the increase in private resources in the welfare sector have contributed to the government's recognition of the importance of public-private cooperation in the welfare sector and active promotion of community support services.

Currently, the factors that cause changes in local information service and local services include problems in approaches, the flow of innovation and expansion of participation, regime changes and applications.

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As the main content of Korona19 era urban society, space change and policy tasks, Korona19 provides unprecedented experience and requires attempts to solve urban problems from a new perspective, thereby increasing the need to systematically respond with the power of collective intelligence, reducing the need for a crisis in public transportation, shrinking the sharing economy, expanding non-face-to-face decision-making methods, and changing the way of working and living, reducing demand for traditional office space and new facilities and operating standards for collective facilities. In addition, the government needs to come up with an urban management method that minimizes disruptions in urban functions such as urban blockade as a long-term measure based on the premise that infectious diseases become indigenous.

Policies such as strengthening urban planning considerations for basic living areas, preventing public transportation, and preparing new management standards in response to changes in land use and use of facilities are needed to enable the purchase of daily necessities within walking zones.

A systematic response to Corona 19 is needed, with unprecedented experience and new perspectives, and problem-solving efforts should be made, and the power of collective intelligence should be united to overcome national crises, fears and seek solutions.

Corona 19 has led to changes such as the crisis of public transportation, the crisis of sharing economy, the concern of residents' participation due to the expansion of non-face-to-face decision-making methods, concerns over the deterioration of the quality of public opinion gathering methods, the reduction of demand for traditional office space, the reduction of sales of restaurants, the decrease of demand for space, the expansion of non-face-face-to-face consumption methods, the rapid changes in logistics distribution businesses, the need to install new facilities, and the need for operation standards.

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Three times the principles of life include one's share, organizational maintenance, and organizational development. Students also have to study three times the tuition they pay. Beginner's three principles include greeting first, going to work five minutes ahead of others, and cleaning well. The achievements of the boss are achieved through the ability of the load, and within three years he must foster three people who can achieve three times as much results as he does. The first task of a leader is to make his subordinates the best leader.

The society of the future will be divided into those who control artificial intelligence and those who are controlled. We should be the ones who move artificial intelligence. Corona 19 has changed, and in the future, we will have to return to the agricultural society in the energy sector and go on the path of the fourth and fifth industrial era in the technology sector.

Life is called a marathon, but life is a mixture of short, medium, and marathon, resting, and going sideways. So even if things don't go well, don't be too hasty and take it easy.

There is no repetition in history. There is only repeated stupidity.

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15주차 기말고사