출석 및 과제점검표

학과:행정학과

학번:21606437

주(날짜)	출석(당일)	지각(해당주)	결석(그이후)	과제	비고
(3/5)	○				수강정정기간
(3/7)	○				수강정정기간
1주차(1) (3/12)	○
1주차(2) (3/14)	○
2주차(1) (3/19)	○
2주차(2) (3/21)	○
3주차(1) (3/26)	○
3주차(2) (3/28)	○
4주차(1) (4/2)	○
4주차(2) (4/4)	○
5주차(1) (4/9)	○
5주차(2) (4/11)	○
6주차(1) (4/16)	○
6주차(2) (4/18)	○
(4/23)	○				중간고사
(4/25)	○				중간고사
8주차(1) (4/30)	○				대체강의
8주차(2) (5/2)	○
9주차(1) (5/7)	○				휴강
9주차(2) (5/9)	○				대체강의
10주차(1) (5/14)	○
10주차(2) (5/16)	○
11주차(1) (5/21)	○
11주차(2) (5/23)	○
12주차(1) (5/28)	○				재택수업
12주차(2) (5/30)	○				재택수업
13주차(1) (6/4)	○
(6/6)	○				현충일
14주차(1) (6/11)	○
(6/13)	○				기말고사
(6/18)	○				기말고사
(4/28)				과제1 ○
(6/21)				과제2 ○
계	21	4	0	2

이름:박소현

제 1주차 (1)

Industrial society, Agricultural society and Information society exist at the same time.

We have to learn and understand knowledge and think creatively in a virtual world.

We must be curious about new knowledge.

We should not be controlled by robots, but control robots.

제 1주차 (2)

To improve my abilities, I must use five senses (view, listen, write, understand, create my own thoughts) to store in my own space.

Don‘t be afraid to make mistakes and try to get in the direction I want, regardless of the speed.

IoT(The Internet of Things) is a virtual network that interconnects humans, objects and services in a collaborative manner.

It is necessary to implement a digital innovative employment service strategy that can effectively respond to the fourth industrial revolution.

제 2주차 (1)

By becoming an industrial society, we have come to feel material affluence and a rational idea called the ‘Maximum Cost Effect‘ based on human reason has been made possible.

But, It caused serious environmental problems that made it difficult for humans to exist on Earth.

In an information society, human ability depends on the development of physical tools and the ability of the brain.

The development of computer communication technology is a basic requirement to overcome the limitations of time and space and to help improve the human brain.

Due to the aging population, the population pyramid is gradually decreasing in the middle class, shifting from a pyramid-shaped structure to a dual-head drum structure.

제 2주차 (2)

In the information society, e-commerce will be the mainstay of the economy, and the government is working to establish an e-government aimed at providing one-stop non-stop services.

IoT refers to a technology that connects to the Internet by embedding sensors and communication functions in various objects (a computer system that consists of parts of an entire device and serves as a brain for a system that requires control).

The fourth industrial revolution resulted in an increase in the number of employees working in the Human Cloud way, and the workers were turned into independent workers who only perform certain tasks, not employees in the traditional sense. This means the collapse of the pyramid of the existing labor market.

The decisive drivers of the fourth industrial revolution are the Internet of Things (networking and communication between things), the cloud (fast-evolving computer calculation capacity and data processing technology), big data (massive collection and utilization of data that can be used for coding or algorithm), mobile Internet (smart devices linked to the Internet), artificial intelligence (algorithm technology that mimics human brain recognition functions), and robotics (machine that implanted artificial intelligence).

With the fourth industrial revolution, the technology of the future society is developing, and the economic and social environment is changing, so is the future job environment.

제 3주차 (1)

The characteristics of information include non-consumption, copyability, cumulative effect, non-transferability, non-feasibility, time dimension, and ambiguous distinction between producers and consumers.

Producing information quickly is as important as producing good information.
Issues arising from the nature of such information include the problem of illegal copying, information ownership and social inequality of information.

We need to store the knowledge that we create using Internet technology(CAD, GIS, W.D, AI, B.D, IOT, WORD) on our computers.

The usefulness of information depends on the ease of use. These effects include formal, time, place and ownership.

Common characteristics of information systems include identification, connectivity, interchangeability, coordination and full effectiveness.

We should be familiar with the human machine system, which is a component of both man and machine among the different kinds of information systems.

제 3주차 (2) / 공공 기관 채용 설명회

On March 28, I participated in <2019 Daegu-North Gyeongsang Province public institution Joint recruitment briefing> which was held at Youngnam University.

A total of 20 organizations, including the Korea Transportation Safety Authority, Korea Highway Corp. and Korea Gas Corp., participated in the program. It would have taken a lot of time and effort to find out how to recruit and how to find a successful case on the all homepage, but when I went to the booth where I wanted to go, I liked it because it was a time to answer questions more carefully and more specifically.

I visited Korea Expressway Corporation, Korea Electric Power Corporation Technology, and Korea Gas Corporation booth which I was interested in. The Korea Highway Corp. said it will hire people in the first half of March and the second half of September. Korea Electric Power Corp. and Korea Gas Corp. said only those with more than 700 TOEIC scores are eligible to apply. Before getting a full-time job, I thought it would be good to have an internship with each agency and find out if it is the right institution for me.

The program was freely open to anyone from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., and the lecture was held from 2 p.m. to 4:20 p.m.

The lecture introduced the hiring method under the National Occupational Capability Standards (NCS), and the acceptance cases were announced by those who succeeded in hiring each agency. In addition, professional interviewers asked prospective job seekers some questions, as in real-life interviews. Among the programs, there was a booth where I took a photo of my resume for free, so I took a photo of it for free.

제 4주차 (1)

Listen a lot and don‘t be afraid to make mistakes.

Each person has a different ability to acquire a language, so the speed can be different, but if you study hard, you can master a language enough.

A way to fit a certain person may not be a good fit for others.

You have to try many different ways to find out which way is right for you.

The purpose of the paper is to provide a way for you to take a new path.

Tip1. Positive interest is the most effective motivation for learning a new language.

The most important thing in learning a new language is to maintain interest and leave it as an interesting experience.

Tip11. The most important element of learning is practice (study).

We can make new friends, find new hobbies, or get self-control.

Learning requires diligence. But if you‘re going in the right direction, it‘ll be fun, too.

PUBLIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

We need to understand the principles of writing and explain them in detail a little bit, and if it is still not easy to understand, we need to explain it, for example.

Orman found three systems of public information.

1. Information packaging system that provides minimal information

2. Information retrieval system that provides non-process data sharing

3. Information processing system that provides maximum sharing of data and processes

Even if these technologies are provided, they should be made from public investment.

Do what can be done at the manufacturer‘s location, not at the user's.

제 4주차 (2)

In general, the public management information system is defined as the information system used in public management.

According to the report, the personal information system is an information system used by private sector organizations.

Is it right to define the public management information system like this? Is it possible and desirable to have an accurate definition of research?

1. What is "public use"?

2. Does the public information system only handle public data?

3. Should the public information system and its consequences be public goods provided free of charge?

4. To what extent is the public information system linked to public authorities and agencies?

To figure this out, we need to know the basic concepts of information service and information service systems themselves.

Humans use data to store information that exists only in humans.

Information systems always include people and information. It also includes human-made things (computers, data, data processing systems).

Examples of information systems include information systems. that support the general public information systems, that support individual actors who perform certain tasks information systems, that support social processes information systems, that support institutional work information systems, that support media, that advocate the interests of citizens and information systems, that support infrastructure systems.

There are three perspectives that can define the public information system. They include practical viewpoints (why), semantic viewpoints (contexts), and conventional point of view (configuration).

If we don‘t have the ability to use computer programs, we can‘t even jump into this world.

The purpose of the public information system is to provide services to public processes or processes related to the general public or large society.

In contrast, the personal information system provides services only to some specific users and performs only certain tasks.

We can categorize actors using the public information system into three broad categories. : Citizens(clients), Business organizations, Government agencies

제 5주차 (1)

The purpose of the public information system is to provide services or support to public processes. The purpose of the personal information system is to provide services to specific users and perform specific tasks.

C : Citizens, Customers, Clients

B : Businesses

G : Government agencies

C and B and G interact with each other and also exchange information inside.

There are six kinds of interactions : C to G, B to G, C to B, P to P, B to B, G to G

From each point of view, citizens communicate and cooperate with each other through online communities. Citizens find and acquire products and services from businesses. Citizens receive services from government agencies, fulfill their obligations, and participate in decision-making.

Companies cooperate or compete with each other through the exchange of goods and services. Companies provide services to citizens free of charge. Companies receive services and support from the government, perform their obligations, and participate in decision making.

The government has internal cooperation to provide better service to businesses and citizens. The government provides services and support to businesses and citizens, and makes sure they comply with the law.

Public information systems have always existed, but with the advent of computers, humans have only taken advantage of data processing technology. Although it has the advantage of storing data by utilizing information systems, it needs to address the disadvantages of relying too much on information systems. Social problems should be addressed for classes such as children and the elderly who are vulnerable to computers. This means that the social divide or the digital divide should be reduced.

제 5주차 (2)

In view of the relationship between citizens, businesses and governments to the public information system, citizens (or businesses) want an ideal way to apply and accept permission from the government. On the other hand, the government is responsible for finding efficient ways for each department.

To address this, the government should have uniformity in managing and handling cases in accordance with the law.

When interdepartmental relations, i.e., cross organizational boundaries, it is difficult to solve cases within a department alone, causing inconvenience to citizens.

Who is blamed for this inconvenience?

The organization should be reorganized to hold transparent and clear responsibilities.

Companies can also be included in the public information system. An entity may be a service provider as well as a customer, a beneficiary of government services.  This is called B2C(Business-to-Customer) and B2B (business-to-business).

All information systems belonging to the private sector can be considered public information systems.

Although the system is not currently generally available for free, it may be available to potential customers for free, e.g. trial service.

The public information system supports process participants by providing them with systems and tools.

제 6주차 (1)

Everything you can get into a computer is a virtual world. Most of the work is done in virtual space. We need guns to get into the virtual world: CAD, GIS, Big Data, W.D., V.R., AI. The most important of them is the GIS.

Geographic Information Systems stands for GIS. GIS is the conversion of data into information and information into knowledge. GIS manipulates, analyzes and displays information associated with spatial location. These include GPS, A static map, and A software package.

All the GIS that make up the virtual space are represented by the data. Statistics (data) are provided in writing because location information has not yet been coded, but will be provided in pictures in the future.

There are two ways to enter and visualize data: Lester-Grid and Vector-Sign. The higher the resolution, the clearer you can see the picture.

GIS is used everywhere in need of spatial data analysis, such as emergency services, environment, business, industry, government and education.

제 6주차 (2)

GIS Data Structure and Characteristics

The data are not processed into a simple set of facts or numbers that represent the real world of power, and it is meaningless in itself.

Information is easy to share and is possible to generate new information through analysis and derived from one or more data.

GIS (Geo-Spatial Information) can be largely divided into location and characteristic data, with Relative and Absolute in Positional Data and Graphical, Image and Attribute Data in Descriptive Data.

The location data is the information representing the position of the point or line in the plane position (x,y coordinate) and the vertical position (z coordinate).

The diagram data of the characteristic information consists of six diagram elements: point, line, polygon, pixel, grid cell and symbol.

Topology is a representation of the relationship between shape and location, regardless of quantity or size.

Connectivity is connected from node to node. [ ] : arc, ( ) : node, { } : polygon

Contiguity is marked with left poly and right poly. It is the line between the face and the face.

Area definition means any line that forms an area.

The more precise this is, the more accurate and identity of the data.

제 8주차 (1) / 특강 1

<The secret of hegemony>

A book that has written research on industrial revolution, economic development, and national development.

The secret of hegemony is the secret of happiness. We are people born to be happy. Happiness is around us.

But were we happy in the past? No. Yu Gwan-soon units and other independence fighters, as well as about 400 million young men and fought in a war zone. About 200,000 young women dead by the Japanese military sexual slavery. Why were we so unhappy? Because the Japanese army unilaterally massacred our army with a much better weapon than ours.

Going a little further back in time, toward the time when Western technology was adopted, Japan and Joseon accepted the same technology from the West, but took a different approach.

Unlike Japan, which adopted Western technology by establishing HwahonYangjae, Korea‘s Heungseon Daewongun County at that time ostracized its friendship with the West, citing "Wigjeongcheoksa."

There were scholars in our country who advocated "Dongdoseogi", but the nation completely ignored these voices and did not listen. As a result, our country became a colony of Japan.

The Industrial Revolution is a revolution that divides all mankind on earth into rulers and people under the control. In the future, this industrial revolution will be transformed into a knowledge revolution. In the 1960s, agriculture accounted for 60 percent of the people in the country and only 2 percent in the industry. But now, the economy is developing enough to be called a prospective advanced country. In other words, we have changed from a recipient aid country to a donor aid country. Just as the industrial revolutions so far have changed the nation, so the fourth industrial revolution will change the world over the nation.

제 8주차 (2) / 특강 2

<The Secret of Hegemony, 2>

There are some misunderstandings about how the Industrial Revolution comes.

First, the Industrial Revolution happens on its own in the market. The reason why war breaks out, and why it divides into developed and underdeveloped countries, is all in the Revolution. Therefore, the fourth industrial revolution should also be brought about by the state in policy.

Secondly, the Industrial Revolution takes place because it was doing work hard at that time. This is also a false claim. Only when the young elite advance into the field of the Fourth Industrial Revolution can the industrial revolution develop.

Third, high technology has revolutionized the industry. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is not any specific technology. The spice root caused the commercial revolution. A fourth industrial revolution will take place on the basis of the Arctic route, the only remaining route on Earth that has yet to be opened.

The first industrial revolution did not happen on its own, and as it did with the national policy, the fourth industrial revolution will not happen on its own, and should be brought on by the national policy.

Correct prescription (Miracle on the Han River) -> half success -> period change -> medicinal loss -> abandonment of intervention (neo-liberalism) -> intervention again

We have more than the ability to succeed in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

We fell behind in the second industrial revolution and were horrified by Japan. As times change, when the fourth industry is hit, a corresponding misfortune follows. Thus, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is also important.

It is a blessing, not a curse, for artificial intelligence and robots to do our dangerous job. This is a blessing for us to go to Utopia. However, the side effects of this loss of jobs and widespread unemployment are something the government should address.

If we don‘t, no one will.

제 9주차 (1)

The most common weapon available in virtual activities is the GIS.

The fourth industrial revolution is a fusion of virtual and real.

In reality, it is impossible to move between the world and the world.

However, in the world of information, it is possible to move between virtual and real.

There should be a firm belief in reality and virtual space.

It is the GIS that makes the virtual world visible and real.

We need to create weapons that can be used in the virtual world, an example of which is the GIS.

Is the demander of education a student? No. Such an idea is proof that the range of knowledge I want is limited.

In that way, Good lectures are spread out on the Internet. So, you don‘t have to go to school and take classes.

The more virtual lectures are activated, the more offline classes should also be activated. The demand for education is society, and we are intermediate demander.

In a consumer-centered society where preparations of ideal must be consistent with the needs of society, Web-based customized education is required.

제 9주차 (2)

The development of information and communication technology has caused structural changes in many aspects of society, and caused the diversification and complexity of civic needs in the public sector.

The limitations of time and space have been overcome by entering the information society, and ubiquitous computing technology provides the necessary public services to citizens without the limitations of time and space.

E-government is an IT-based government that provides information to citizens, businesses and governments themselves in a more efficient and efficient way.

There are 1) Innovation of Public Services, 2) Innovation of G-Work, 3) Innovation of G-Structure, 4) Citizen Participation in the Four Processes of e-Government Development.

The concept of ubiquitous government can be divided into two main categories: UG and EG. The UG is the development stage of the EG, but the former distinguishes itself from the latter in terms of the tags embedded in the fusing, network and materials of the physical and virtual worlds.

UG is an information society based on broadband, mobile networks, sensors and RFID, while EG is a knowledge-based society based on high-speed communication and the Internet.

UG provides intellectual work processes and customized public services, while EG provides efficient, transparent and reasonable public services.

Ultimate goal of ubiquitous government is to provide citizens with a tailored services at anytime, anywhere, anydevice, anyone, and anything bases.

There are several prerequisites that need to be addressed in order to provide tailored public services to citizens.

Ubiquitous administrative space, where virtual space and actual space are converged, should be integrated with the regional statistical data base.

In addition, ubiquitous infrastructure (RFID, ubiquitous sensor network, and digital device convergence) should be established.

And, citizens, netizens groups should be turned into ubiquitous groups, and they should participate autonomously in the governing process.

제 10주차 (1)

Create a three-dimensional virtual reality by fusing the actual spatial structure (geometry) and e-space (attribute).

The shortcomings of the current government‘s lack of mutual use, lack of links and non-standardization are complemented by enabling convergence, customization and innovative systems through Ubiquitous.

Many local governments are making efforts to create a ubiquitous government.

In particular, Cool Town Project and Cool Travel Project is under way in Jeju.

The Cool town Project consists of u-city and u-cology, and the Cool travel Project consists of u-tour and u-safe.

With the status of U-City construction in Korea, the central types of urban life services include Gangnam, Dongtan New City, Suwon and Hongdeok, while those centered on fostering specialized industries include Jeju, Songdo New City, Busan, Jeonju, Gwangju, Sangam and Gwanggyo.

Wireless or mobile networks enable the reception of information without restrictions on time or place, and also improve access to public information.

Artificial intelligence sensors, built into urban facilities such as roads and traffic lights, are managed by remote control to enhance government performance and efficiency in providing public services.

Digital machines and databases should converge so that public services can be received without restrictions on time and place.

Ubiquitous services also offer customized services.

Digital convergence systems are being revised in countries around the world, with the United States, Italy and Malaysia enacting the Consolidation Act, Germany and Japan enacting the Act on Integrated Public Services, the United Kingdom, France establishing new integrated institutions, France mediating existing laboratories, and the EU and OECD recommending a single set of regulations and guidelines.

The characteristics of ubiquitous computing are1) All digital devices, material, and human are connected each other at any‘where‘, anynetwork, any device, any service 2) the ubiquitous computing is embedded in the real life and thing and is invisible and disappearing 3) it provides the users or citizens with a calm and tailored environment and services which are available in the real life.

Direction of ubiquitous local government should be set up as 1) Establish the ubiquitous computing environments in terms of digital device, network, and basic database  2) Establish the better connection environment with the citizens 3) Tailored services in real-time base and nomadic environment  4) ubiquitous business services in the market mechanism and support this market mechanism.  5) Business process renovation of local government such as the tax collection and the management of public facilities.

제 10주차 (2)

Fourth Industrial Revolution and Future Jobs - Future Prospects and Crisis Jobs

Goldman Sachs, a global investment bank, has introduced artificial intelligence in stock trading, reducing its 600 employees to two, and a quarter of its executives and employees have been replaced by computer technicians. That‘s how fast the change is happening.

In addition, Adidas, Germany, moved its shoe factory in India to Germany, where the automation of the factory reduced its 600 production workers to two.(Excluding plant air process managers and technicians)

The office landscape of the 1980s and 1990s shows a marked change. In the 1980s, there was about one public computer in the office, and in just 10 years, all the workers had personal computers. As a result, IT-related jobs such as software developers were dramatically increased, and new jobs such as web planners and professional gamers were created.

As such, the fourth industrial revolution heralds a transformation of the working world. It is important to adapt well to the newly transformed industrial scene.

Unskilled jobs are directly at risk. For example, simple workers who produce and manufacture according to smart factory will experience the greatest crisis. Also, the maintenance robots in Amazon warehouses will reduce the number of warehouse workers, and with the advent of unmanned convenience stores, the cashiers will disappear. And with artificial intelligence chatbots, there will be fewer customer consultations and guides, and with the advent of Internet-only banks, there will be fewer financial employees. Finally, with the advent of 3D printers, dental work will be reduced, and translators and translators will also be reduced by artificial intelligence translation services.

The third industrial revolution had the potential to put jobs of production workers or general office houses in jeopardy, but in the fourth industrial revolution, even jobs in specialized professions were not safe.

Artificial intelligence lawyers, Watson, and accountants will reduce law firm lawyers, video-graphers and accountants. There will also be fewer pharmacists with automated drug-control systems.

The use of artificial intelligence in professional jobs reduces jobs through productivity, while it also increases individual worker productivity.

Not all technologies directly affect jobs, but also economic feasibility and other factors that affect the job world. The more highly skilled, the less likely it is to replace the skills for the task as long as it is unstructured.

If new technologies are added to existing industries, new industries or Mysteries models will emerge. For example, self-driving cars are introduced by adding big data, mobile and Internet of Things to cars.

Three Future Vocational Competencies

- Non-uniform problem recognition capabilities are required. (flexible and emotional cognitive skills, active data retrieval and learning ability, critical situation interpretation ability)

- Alternative elicitation capabilities that combine the value of diversity are needed. (Structured human monitoring, manned pooling collaboration, collaborative decision making, human cloud utilization, system thinking)

- Collaborative communication capabilities with machines are needed. (Digital literacy, sophisticated high-tech operation capabilities, U-Men-Computer combined power)

제 11주차 (1)

The U.N. General Assembly reaffirmed the strong need to achieve sustainable development by promoting sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth, creating greater opportunities for everyone, reducing inequality, raising basic living standards and fostering fair social developers.

All legislative bodies and governments play an important role in promoting sustainable development.

Overall, the purpose of sustainable development is to promote a sustainable future for the Earth and its current future generations.

Sustainable development emphasizes a holistic, fair and far-sighted approach to all decision making.

This depends on integration and balanced consideration of goals and objectives in public and private decision making.

As they begin laying the groundwork for the next stage of global sustainable development, all governments face complex, multifaceted and interdependent challenges. It faces global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, peace and security, but there is no effective response.

Effective cooperation between non-governmental actors, or among all government agencies, is essential for good governance and good development outcomes

Collaborative governance of administration is important in improving people‘s lives.

The public sector should promote citizen participation to promote the authority and welfare of all people, and provide essential services to meet the needs of citizens, provide opportunities for economic growth and promote the authority and happiness of all people.

E-government provides an important opportunity to transform public administration into a tool for sustainable development. E-government is the use of ICT to provide information about the people or public services and the application of government. More broadly, e-government refers to using information technology to help with administrative efficiency.

Electronic government not only includes three types (G2G, G2B and G2C), but it also refers to the approach of a large number of different interests as a whole.

Innovation with e-government enables more efficient, better service delivery, and can respond to the need for transparency and accountability. In addition, it is possible to promote economic growth and social inclusion, as well as to promote the activities of the socially disadvantaged (outside-of-breed) as well as the promotion of natural resource management. It should be recognized that this is all an optimistic aspect of e-government, and that there is also a pessimistic aspect.

ICT is an effective platform to promote knowledge sharing, technology development, transfer and capacity building of innovative electronic government solutions for sustainable development among countries. As such, e-government can generate more profits in terms of employment, health and education.

제 11주차 (2)

Since 2003, the U.N. e-government has adopted a holistic view of e-government development, particularly three things: availability of online services, communication infrastructure and human capacity.

Factors that reflect successful e-government strategies and pioneering practices and innovative approaches have been updated to address common challenges for sustainable development.

Principles of Guidelines for the U.N.‘s e-Government

1. The purpose of e-government is development for everyone, and investigation is only a means of purpose. Effective e-government can actually contribute to eradicating extreme poverty, protecting the environment, promoting social participation and economic opportunities for all. In doing so, it supports development efforts of U.N. member states.

2. The investigation and results of e-government should be tailored to the overall level of development, not to the part of the country concerned. Also, it is important to emphasize the promise of e-government. Thus, e-government surveys should consider and prepare warranties for infrastructure and human resources, as well as national e-government initiatives.

3. The e-government survey is a program tool that brings participation and social engagement, as well as providing socioeconomic and environmental services to the public.

4. The e-government survey evaluates the readiness of e-government around the world, and the ultimate goal remains the "inclusion of everything" of development.

The U.N. e-government survey is conducted every two years by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the only report in the world that has 193 U.N. member states evaluating the development of e-government. In e-government, decision-makers identify their strengths and areas to be addressed, and guide e-government policies and strategies. It also emphasizes emerging e-government trends issues and innovative practices as well as challenges and opportunities for e-government development. The e-government survey also provides an analysis of survey data for civil servants, academia, intergovernmental organizations, civil society organizations, the private sector and ordinary citizens.

The United Nations e-government survey is for the government for the future we want. In particular, it is aimed at coping with the multifaceted and complex challenges facing our society today.

An important aspect of e-government for sustainable development

Chapter 1. It is important to make an overview and extensive analysis of survey data by having a quick view of the status, regional development and information of specific national groups.

Chapter 2. It is important to find out what‘s new in providing online services and how to measure them will be measured.

Chapter 3. Focusing on electronic participation, the global and regional rankings of electronic participation and trends by sector and level should be investigated.

Chapter 4. The role of government is important for the promotion of a holistic and integrated approach to e-government development. Methods to promote collaborative leadership, shared organizational culture, institutional framework for effective coordination and accountability, innovative process for service provision and citizen participation, IT management strategy for the future, etc. should be studied.

제 12주차 (1)

Chapter 5. Focus on mobile and other channels for comprehensive multi-channel service delivery and look at global and regional trends in various public service delivery channels. In addition, the principles of a multi-channel approach are reviewed.

Chapter 6. Provides digital connectivity focused on the trend of bridging the digital divide and the electronic services of the vulnerable. This is for understanding the challenges faced in dealing with the problem.

Chapter 7. Explains the status of the use of e-government, and emphasizes the efforts of U.N. member states. This provides insight into the use of more services, and is for the benefit of e-government for sustainable development.

Chapter 8. Global and regional trends on open government data are presented, and the findings are reviewed.

World Trends in Electronic Government

Due to various factors, there is a difference in the state of e-government development between regions and countries.

The income level of a country is a general indicator of its economic capacity and progress, affecting e-government development.

Providing education, including access to and use of ICT infrastructure, is relevant to the income level of the country.

Despite low national income, there are countries with large e-government developments.

South Korea ranked No. 1 in 2014, focusing on continued leadership and e-government innovation.

One of the main factors contributing to the development of high e-government is the investment in past communications, human capital and online service delivery.

It also examined the specific tasks and progress of e-government in the least-developed countries (LDCs), small island countries (SIDs), and inland countries (LLDCs).

They overcame environmental, regional and income constraints.

In terms of online service delivery, the 2014 report focused on electronic participation features based on transparency and public involvement and evidence of open government data initiatives.

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Online Service Delivery Progress

The majority of the 193 U.N. member states remain at a low level in e-government development, and in emerging and advanced stages such as the United States, strong data protection, online payment systems and secure data sharing are needed.

Regardless of national income, high levels of political support and leadership, enhanced institutional capacity, public accountability and civic engagement, proper e-government programs, ICT infrastructure and education are equally important.

Currently, most countries offer users basic search tools in more than one language to find content.

However, only half of the U.N. member states maintain advanced search engines, with only 40 percent supporting user feedback and less than a third showing the availability of secure connections. In addition, despite the rapid increase in mobile device use, including low-income countries, the potential utilization of short message services is significantly lower.

The most frequently found trading services include setting up personal online accounts, filing income taxes and registering business operators.

The difference between the highest and lowest scores of online services is significant. Many countries are in the bottom third of the online service index (OSI), and there is a big difference between countries in e-government technology.

e-Enhancing the workforce with increased participation

There are opportunities for future improvements in electronic participation, such as social media that are inherently interactive. There are also serious challenges, including digital divide.

These opportunities and challenges call for an effective strategy to create an electronic participation environment.

Dealing with both formal and informal approaches to civic engagement is a successful strategy for electronic participation. To boost its chances of success, the government can benefit from platforms and channels already used by citizens rather than creating new platforms. It is important to integrate on- and off-line to promote clear ideas and understanding of electronic participation. It should also encourage participation in issues and provide citizens with consistent feedback on consultations.

It is important to motivate citizens to feel that they belong to a political community, which is directly linked to sustainable development.

The top e-participation in the world is the Netherlands and South Korea, while the top e-participation in Asia is South Korea and Japan.

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The critical need for whole-of government-approaches and collaborative governance

While the interdependence has been increasing due to the significant changes in sustainable development over the decades, it is still an external perspective rather than a cooperative one.

Citizens and businesses are calling for more open, transparent, responsible and effective governance, while new technologies, especially ICT, enable effective knowledge management, sharing and collaboration between all levels of government and all sectors.

The 2014 survey focuses on government and cooperative public governance issues at the national level to address more complex and broader challenges.

Many activating factors are needed for the entire government to develop.

First, a new form of cooperative leadership and shared organizational culture through visible guiding principles and leadership.

Second, a new form of institutional frame work should be built for effective coordination, cooperation and accountability.

Third, administrative summaries and mechanisms, and civic engagement and empowerment are needed to provide services to all groups in society.

Fourth, civic engagement is important and a user-led collaboration mechanism is needed through joint mining and crowd sourcing through a decentralized governance system.

Finally, the power of new technologies should be utilized, such as properly establishing ICT management strategies for enhanced collaboration.

The infrastructure, combined with the enhancement of human capital‘s capacity, can provide an opportunity to change public administration with a collaborative governance tool that directly supports sustainable development outcomes.

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Reaching out to citizens through mobile, social media and inclusive multi-channel service strategies

According to a 2014 survey, while digital channels are becoming diverse and spreading across countries, counters (face-to-face services) and telephone (voice) services continue to serve as fundamental channels.

In 2014, all 193 U.N. member states went online, but more than 80 percent of the countries are still not using potential mass channels.

Between 2012 and 2014, the number of countries that use mobile has doubled, supporting poverty eradication, gender equality and social engagement, and using mobile to promote economic development, environmental protection and disaster management.

E-governments, whose use increased more than threefold from 2010 to 2012, and whose use increased more than 50% in 2014, do not require a lot of investment, but often require business innovation and strong commitment to maximize the benefits of public administration because they use consumerization and non-governmental platforms.

In areas ‘‘where‘‘ the use of ICT is not widespread in the offsite or remote areas, the use of public kiosks is increasing, and anti-dibis and voice services remain the primary channel.

Government managers should find smart ways to increase the use of online services and access vulnerable populations for social integration by taking advantage of the various advantages offered by various channels.

Providing public services should be improved through a multi-channel approach to meet the needs of various citizens.

The Challenge of the Digital Divide

Unlike in the past, ‘‘where‘‘ digital gaps were regarded as a matter of access to the relevant information technology infrastructure, they are now addressed as having access to ICT access.

The digital divide arises from socioeconomic inequality, and it undermines well-being and prosperity by approaching ICT, and affects both developed and developing countries.

While access to ICT is making great strides, e-government has failed to properly accommodate human, economic, social, institutional, and governance networks, and has yet to achieve satisfactory results for mitigating the digital divide.

Recently, policymakers have focused on linking the vulnerable.

The digital divide includes a gap in e-government use that is correlated with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. In addition, there are growing concerns that the move to e-government will make it difficult for the vulnerable to use of government information.

This is especially true in the case of e-government in advanced European countries that use the ‘Digital by default strategy‘, and if special provisions for the vulnerable are added, the government‘s cost-cutting, stakeholder burden will be reduced and it will facilitate the use of e-government.