출석 및 과제점검표

학과: 행정학과

학번: 21506689

주(날짜)	출석(당일)	지각(해당주)	결석(그이후)	과제	비고
1주차 (3/5)	○				수강정정기간
1주차 (3/7)	○				수강정정기간
2주차(1) (3/12)	○
2주차(2) (3/14)	○
3주차(1) (3/19)	○
3주차(2) (3/21)	○
4주차(1) (3/26)	○
4주차(2) (3/28)	○				공공기관 박람회 참석
5주차(1) (4/2)	○
5주차(2) (4/4)	○
6주차(1) (4/9)	○
6주차(2) (4/11)	○
7주차(1) (4/16)	○
7주차(2) (4/18)	○
8주차(4/23)	○				중간고사
8주차(4/25)	○				중간고사
9주차(1) (4/30)	○				예비군 훈련 참석
9주차(2) (5/2)	○
10주차(1) (5/7)	○
10주차(2) (5/9)	○
11주차(1) (5/14)	○
11주차(2) (5/16)	○
12주차(1) (5/21)	○
12주차(2) (5/23)	○
13주차(1) (5/28)	○
13주차(2) (5/30)	○
14주차(1) (6/4)	○
14주차 (6/6)	○				현충일
15주차(1) (6/11)	○				보강
16주차 (6/13)	○				기말고사
16주차 (6/18)	○				기말고사
(4/27)				과제1 ○
(6/21)				과제2 ○
계	21	4	0	2

이름: 정대철

2주차(1)

In the first chapter, the professor said, ‘One picture is worth thousand words‘. It means that you see are more effective than listen for lectures. The basic requirements of the students should be healthy body, mind and study at least eight hours a day. We shouldn't be ordered to the machine and we should be in control of the machine. The professor explained that the lecture would be like controlling the robot.

2주차(2)

We need eight hours of study to develop and be sustainable as students. Also, in order to one‘s life, we must constantly create a driving force to lead one‘s life. The 4th Industrial Revolution‘s IoT has sensors that it can communicate intelligently with people and things. We move better direction through of IoT. Also with the advent of robots in the 4th industrial revolution, the structure of the existing pyramid changes and new trends appear in the employment form and labor market.

3주차(1)

While the existing tools of the Industrial Revolution have improved human physical abilities but digital tools in the information society improve human mental capacity and complement the lack of brain growth.

So far, we have been a limitation of time and space in human development, but we have been overcome as the information society arrives. Invisible development is making a tremendous difference in modern society. We have to recognize the importance of these developments and we should behave in accordance with that.

Through the creation of English and computer, information and communication technology skills, we must move to the top of the double drum structure

3주차(2)

With the advent of the information society, the electronic sector was introduced in the economic sector, changing the way existing products were traded and developing e-commerce such as Amazon.

The fourth industrial revolution is bringing in smart gadgets like AlphaGo. but they still lack the parts of creativity and sensitivity. As the fourth industrial revolution creates new jobs and industrial sectors, so we must study the skills in the fields that the capitalizing effect brings. The Internet of Things, Cloud, Big Data and Mobile Internet are key elements of the Future Industrial Revolution, and in today‘s new society. If we are to live with jobs, we must accept the change that comes from the Future.

4주차(1)

Information is a meaningful content used for the decision or action of an individual or organization. As the society develops, the concept of information continues to change. As a characteristic of information, information is non-consumption and increases in value as it is used. Secondly, the copy of information is possible and the marginal production cost is close to zero, creating the new concept of ‘digital economics.‘

Third, as information accumulates, new information appears and its value or utility increases. Fourth, information is characterized by non-transferability and are more valuable as new users are created. Fifth, information generated once is not corrupted and is continuously available. Sixthly, information must be continuously updated to maintain its value, and the same or similar information is of little value when it is produced. Seventhly, information is ambiguous between producers and consumers. Even if it is the same information, will have different effects depending on the ability of the users to use it. We need to be able to create information using computer technology to improve the quality of information. In the human-machine system, humans is evaluated by mixing human ability and the computer system. To do this, we need to get used to the current system and be able to use at least one creative technology. If you don‘t create, you can‘t do anything in modern society.

4주차(2)

I participated in a public organization fair meeting on March 28 and about 20 public organizations in this fair. The Public organization fair will be held from 10 a.m. and I will be available at each agency‘s booth for the information needed to apply to the agency through Q&A with the agency‘s human resources practitioners. Also, we held a recruitment briefing to receive useful tips in special lectures on employment from 2 to 4 p.m. As I participated in this public organization fair, I learned focus not only on TOEIC but also on NCS ability. Above all, lecturer emphasized that you should check out the talent award about the organization wants and get an interview. Also, I found that before I put a job application form in the organization, I had to find out the organization‘s information and see if the organization was right for me. Through this public organization fair, I was able to learn a lot of information about employment and This fair helped me prepare for a job.

5주차(1)

Public information systems are information systems available for public use. Public information systems are used in both the public and private sectors and can be analyzed from various perspectives, including user, technical and organizational aspects. Orman differentiated the public information system into information packaging systems, information retrial systems, and information processing systems. Although Orman said that infrastructure off terminals, public access ports, and communication systems should be made public investments. However the development of computers and the Internet that took place only a few years later made Orman‘s predictions obsolete. Given the rapid development of the public information system over the past decade, we should anticipate how society will change with the development of the public information system over the next decade and we need to understand the flow of change and develop our own capabilities.

5주차(2)

The Public Management Information System is the information system used by public organizations. The definition of a public information system as an information system available for public use presents the following questions. 1. What is public use? 2. Does the public information system only deal with public data? 3. Is the public information system a public good? 4. How much does the public information system have to do with government departments or organizations? The types of information systems include information systems making public data and other utility data available to the public and information systems that support groups that perform specific tasks, and information systems that support social processes for citizens, public officials and etc. In addition, the analysis of the public information system by means of an systematic approach is divided into practical, semantic and fundamental views. The purpose of the public information system is to support the processing of public services and resources for ordinary citizens and society, while the private information system provides services for specific interest groups.

6주차(1)

The purpose of the public information system is to support the processing of public services and resources for ordinary citizens and society. Participants in the public information system fall into the category ‘C‘, ‘B‘ and ‘G‘. ‘C‘ is divided into citizens, customers and customers, ‘B‘ is a business company and other types of organization, and ‘G‘ is a government agency. The three categories interact with each category and have a variety of interactions, such as working with the same category, providing services to different categories, or participating in the decision-making process. The public information system does not change with fashion. Public information systems alway that humans to be social and achieve public goals. Research in the public information system also recognizes this positive potential but understands that there are other important aspects. Another challenge is to protect security or personal privacy to cope with the vulnerability of a society that relies on digitize information.

6주차(2)

From two perspectives, we can look at the conflict of interest when we look at a particular relationship.

For example, citizen or company wants to solve a problem without receiving government help to solve a given task. This is legally required go to various government departments, but ordinary citizens and companies want to be dealt with in one government department. On the other hand, each government department thinks that only the tasks in its field are solved in the most effective way and neither department values overall efficiency from the user‘s perspective. All these problems arise from stovepipe organizations that ignore many of the activities of modern society and don‘t communicate among their respective departments. The ideal solution from the perspective of citizens and the government is interesting, but it difficult to implement. Also It is difficult to achieve within a single organization if organization links are necessary to solve the problem. To solve these problems, it needs a new form of organization that integrates processes at organizational boundaries. Also, as mentioned above, businesses can support citizens and governments, which can be considered public information systems in the business-to-customer and business-to-business systems ranges. This idea raises questions about viewing the entire information system belonging to the private sector as a public information system. In response, companies‘ use of the Internet to sell goods and support services is very similar to what public agencies do and it is reasonable to regard them as public information systems.

7주차(1)

The most basic ways of dealing with virtual space are ‘word‘ and ‘wording‘, but that‘s not enough. In this lecture, we will take a look at GIS, one of the technologies used to effectively deal with virtual space. GIS is a system consisting of computer software, hardware, and data that manipulates, analyzes, and displays information connected to a spatial location. GIS is visualizes, manipulates, analyzes, and displays spatial data. The database is difficult to interpret, but visualization through GIS makes it easy to see at a glance. GIS can connect data and accurately identify any data provided it is given location information. Elements applicable to GIS include digitize maps and scanned maps, data bases, GPS, remote sensing, and aerial photographs. GIS can be used in areas ‘where‘ analysis of spatial data is needed, such as business, environment, industry, government, education, etc., including fire departments and police. In addition, the GIS system is easy to understand the situation of the region in case of natural disaster, it can shape the future development of the region, and it is easy to restore nature through the management of the ecosystem.

7주차(2)

Data is a simple set of facts and numbers, meaning nothing in itself, but it is possible to create new information by processing one or more data. There are relative positional data, absolute positional data, graphic data, image data, and attribute data in geography spatial Information. Until now, only attribute data have been used, but various data have been utilized as GIS is in full swing. Positional data is information that represents points or positions on images or maps in plane or vertical positions. Relative Positional Data indicates location information in the model space and Absolute Positional Data indicates location information in the actual space. The Graphic data consists of six diagram elements to describe the map shape, including dots, lines, faces, pixels, grids, and symbols. Image data is entered by figuring information from images or photographs obtained through aircraft, satellite. attribute data refers to reports and documents indicating the location of the terrain. As a setting of satellite relationships, topology is the study that describes the relationship between shape and location, regardless of size, with respect to the points, lines, and location in the space. Connectivity shows lines at each point‘s connection, and the line contains location information. In the case of proximity, the line can represent two points of connection but also the boundary of the plane.  The determination of the area is determined by the blockage at the end of each line. The data table appears through the connection of the points, lines, and faces, and the data table is assigned to GIS for accurate location information and a view of various information at a glance.

9주차(1)

In "Secret of  hegemony," hegemony refers to happiness, and the ultimate goal of the world is happiness. In the past, many people were killed the Japanese colonial rule due to the incompetence of the nation. The reason why our country was unhappy in the past was the development of military technology. The invasion of Western powers in the mid-19th century recognized equally the difference in technology, but a completely different response made Korea subject to Japanese rule. The opportunity to turn Korea‘s current economic downturn into a success is the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The first industrial revolution did not come naturally from the market, but from the UK‘s regulatory policy. As the industrial revolution took place as a policy of the nation, the fourth industrial revolution should also be brought about by the state. In addition, the Industrial Revolution depends on what direction the country‘s elite are oriented toward, and the fourth industrial revolution requires young elites to advance into the field of the fourth industrial revolution. Finally, the creation of advanced technology does not lead to an industrial revolution and utilization should be prioritized over technology development. A new era will only open when a new road is opened for the fourth industrial revolution.

9주차(2)

Policies are means for the state to treat diseases, and the right prescription has given rise to the miracle of the Han River. However, as times changed, the medicine lost efficacy and now it has to use a new medicine called the Fourth Industrial Revolution to reach advanced countries. We must prepare for the second Great Quarter of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and we must not miss the opportunity. Those who reject the fourth industrial revolution said there was not industrial revolution and fourth industrial revolution, but through the industrial revolution, it has changed from the slow development of existing agriculture to the accelerated development. In addition the fourth industrial revolution make humans unhappy, claims that jobs lost and unemployment widespread, but the fourth industrial revolution allows machines to do what we avoid and reduces the amount of time humans work as machines do instead. The argument that artificial intelligence will dominate humans has side effects on the introduction of all technologies, but it should overcome them and move on to the future. In order to succeed in the fourth industrial revolution, the government should create a fourth industrial revolution government through personnel innovation by civil servants and foster young people as human resources of the fourth industrial revolution, occupy the Arctic route and lead the fourth industrial revolution. The nation has to bring about a fourth industrial revolution and if we don‘t, no one does.

10주차(1)

If GIS means a technology for making virtual reality, the Web is a bridge between virtual reality and the real world. If the first industrial revolution is the mechanical revolution, the second industrial revolution is the electric revolution, and the third industrial revolution is the Internet revolution, the fourth industrial revolution is the fusion of the virtual world and the real world. We should receive mail and information related to the company that we want through the employment site. Also, we need to learn the technology that we can use in virtual space through the information we get from the employment site. The main demand for education is society and the student is middle-demand. In addition, information service awareness should be changed and we need to get a understand of what we can do through the Internet. Finally, through the education and research required in the Web-based wireless Internet era, students should acquire the expertise and skills needed in the information age that they can grow into appropriate talent in the customized era.

10주차(2)

The ubiquitous government provides necessary public services to citizens without restrictions on time and space through ubiquitous computing technology. Electronic Government is the IT-Based Government in which information resources are used in a more effective and efficient way for the citizens, business, and government itself. Electronic Government aims to change government organizational structures and activities, provide better service to citizens and focuses on changes in social structures. The E-government‘s development process interacts with the government through innovation in public services, provides integrated services with other agencies, and G-Work‘s innovation improves procedures and reshuffles government organizational structures. In addition, the innovation of G-Structure automates the internal work of the government and  citizens‘ participating can provide customized services for citizens. U-Government is a government based on a ubiquitous computing environment that can be provided anytime, anywhere in information technology, work processes and service delivery. U-Government is based on broadband, mobile networks, sensors and RFID, and E-Government is based on high-speed communications and the Internet. In addition, U-Government provides intelligent work processes and customized public services, and E-Government provides efficient, transparent and reasonable public services. The ultimate goal of the ubiquitous government is to provide citizens with customized services at anytime, anywhere, any device, anyone and any base. Many local governments have been trying build ULG to provide tailored public services for citizens. The construction of ubiquitous administrative space should incorporate GIS and regional statistical data bases that integrate actual and virtual space. It should also transform civic and netizen groups into ubiquitous groups allow them to participate in the governing process autonomously.

11주차(1)

Currently, some local governments trying to establish a ubiquitous public service delivery system. Jeju-city is implementing the Cool Town project and Cool Travel project. The cool-town project consists of u-City and u-Ecology, the former is utilizes the traffic sensor network, traffic control service, and telematics test-bed city. The Cool Travel Project consists of u-tour, u-safe, and the former provides the necessary services for travel, while the latter provides the necessary information in the event of a disaster. With the application of information technology, information can be received regardless of location through technologies such as Video-conference Cellular Phone and improved public information. Also, sensors and tags that have cognitive capabilities are included in objects, so urban facilities such as roads and traffic lights can be managed as remote control bases. This increases the efficiency the implementation of government work and the provision of public services (RFID). With the convergence of digital devices and databases, the ubiquitous government‘s computing environment has become a convergence of networks, devices and business organizations. In addition, various networks can be integrated to provide services without restrictions on location.  Also, basic databases, such as geographic information and statistical databases, should be integrated into a geographic reference database that includes text, audio and video. Other data should be included in this basic database. Through the convergence of public services and customized services, ubiquitous services will provide new ways to address problems arising from the rise of senior citizens, working women and other social problems. Finally, with the revision of the digital system, the United States, Italy and Malaysia established the Consolidation Act, while Germany and Japan enacted the Act on Integrated Public Services. Looking for the features of ubiquitous computing, first, all digital devices, materials, and humans are connected to each other in networks, devices, and all services. Second, ubiquitous computing is embedded in real life, hidden away. Third, it provides users or citizens with customized environments and services that they are available in real life. Looking at the development direction of the ubiquitous local government, the first is to build a ubiquitous computing environment in terms of digital devices, networks and databases. Second, Establish the better connection environment with the citizens. Third, customized services should be provided in real-time based and nomadic environments. Fourth, ubiquitous business services of market mechanisms and this market mechanism are provided. Fifth, innovation should be made in the handling of local governments‘ work, such as tax collection and public facilities management.

11주차(2)

Advances in technology from the fourth industrial revolution have reduced stock traders from six hundred to two at Goldman Sachs with the introduction of artificial intelligence. Adidas moved shoe factory in Southeast Asia to Germany, reducing the number of production workers to two. In the 1980s, there was a public computer in the office, but in the 1990s, individuals had a computer. With the spread of computers, IT-related jobs such as software developers have increased dramatically, and the fourth industrial revolution will revolutionize jobs. Non-skilled jobs such as production and manufacturing simple workers will be handled by machines, while skilled jobs such as financial office workers and translators will also be reduced through the technology of the fourth industrial revolution. With the technology convergence of the fourth industrial revolution, automobile technology merge with big data and the Internet of Things to create self-driving cars.

Also, the finance merge with AI, big data and mobile cloud to create Fintech and Internet bank. In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, we need the ability to submit alternatives that combine non-uniform thinking with the value of diversity. Also we needs collaborative communication with machines. The Millennium Development Goals set by world leaders more than ten years ago have reduced poverty in all areas and it had a positive impact in the fields of stable drinking water and living conditions, health care and education.

However, more than a billion people are still suffering from extreme poverty and there are ongoing difficulties in improving access to the service. Discussions have begun at the United Nations to define a sustainable development framework that embodies these bold and ambitious ultimate values to continue to promote prosperity, equality and peace.

12주차(1)

The resolution, titled "E-government For The Future We Want" at the U.N. General Assembly, is aimed at promoting sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth, creating greater opportunities for everyone, reducing inequality, raising the basic level of life. In addition, the resolution  promote equitable social development and engagement to pursue integrated and sustainable development of resources and ecosystems. Overall, the goal of sustainable development was to promote economic, social and environmental development, and sustainable development emphasized a comprehensive, fair and far-sighted approach to decision making at all levels. As the 2015 deadline for the MDG now nears and begins to lay the groundwork for the next step, all governments are facing complex, multifaceted and interdependent challenges. Poverty, inequality, climate change, peace and security are becoming a society in which cooperation is needed and cannot be effectively handled by a single organization. Effective collaboration is essential to ensure good governance and development, and only through collaboration can we make good results. Public institutions should promote the authority and well-being of all citizens by engaging citizens in public policy planning and service provision, as well as the necessary services, economic growth opportunities citizens need to provide fair and efficient services. E-government is the use of ICT and the application of government to provide information and public services to the people and government, innovation provide important opportunities for changing administration‘s sustainable development. The way we look at e-government has expanded in recent years through online services, big data, social media, mobile apps or cloud computing. This results in a more holistic and multinational approach than the three types of governance-to-government (G2G), governance-to-business (G2B) and governance-to-consumer (G2C). Through innovation and e-government, public administration can become more efficient, provide better service, and respond to demands for transparency and accountability. Also, e-government can promote economic growth and social inclusion as well as promote the management of eco-friendly, effective resources, and increase social participation of the disabled or socially vulnerable. However, professor explained this part too optimistically and said there were considerable negative aspects. ICT has proven to be an effective platform for sharing knowledge and developing technologies and promoting innovative e-government solution transmission, but the development of ICT technologies has led to polarization between countries. E-governments generate important benefits in the form of new employment, better health and education, but there have been side effects that have left countless people unemployed. However, we should keep in mind that new employment opportunities are also emerging.

12주차(2)

The U.N. e-government‘s conceptual framework survey adopted a holistic view of e-government development based on three important dimensions: availability of online services, telecommunications infrastructure and recognition capabilities. The methodological framework was carefully updated to reflect successful e-government strategies and innovative approaches to address common challenges for successful e-government strategies, pioneering practices and sustainable development, while maintaining consistency throughout the survey. The U.N. e-government survey‘s is based on the following guidelines. First, the goal of e-government is to develop for everyone and e-government is considered a powerful tool in government processing. E-government is effectively applied extreme poverty can be excluded and a powerful tool to play a role in promoting environmental protection, social integration and economic opportunities. Second, the investigation and results focus on the overall pattern and development level of each country. It is important that online assessments do not provide distorted pictures, and it is also important to emphasize the vision of e-government. Therefore, it is based on the preparedness of e-government, which properly considers the guarantee of infrastructure and human resources, as well as national e-government initiatives demonstrated by the web presence in this survey. Third, the focus of the survey is to provide people with socioeconomic and environmental services by using e-government as a programming tool. Finally, the survey evaluates the readiness of e-government worldwide, and the ultimate goal is to include everyone in the development.

The U.N.‘s e-government survey is published every two years by the Department of Economics and Social Affairs and is the world‘s only report evaluating the development of e-government by U.N. members in 193 countries. E-government surveys serve as a tool for decision makers to identify their own strengths and challenges and guide e-government policies and strategies. Each chapter analyzes and provides survey data as well as highlights strategies, tasks, and opportunities to provide an alternative to policy. The survey is a report made for all of us, including embedded for government offices, academics, intergovernmental organizations, civil society organizations, the private sector and at sites. The subject of the 2014 U.N. e-government survey is the e-government for the future that we want, and it is particularly relevant in dispelling the multifaceted and complex challenges facing our society today. This booklet is described in Chapter 8 and analyzed important aspects of e-government for sustainable development.

13주차(1)

2014 Survey, Chapter 5 looked at global and regional trends in various public service delivery channels, including mobile and social media, for comprehensive service delivery. Chapter 6 examines how to reduce the digital divide and provides an overall picture of digital connectivity focused on the socially disadvantaged. Chapter 7 explains the current state of e-government and highlights the efforts made by countries Chapter 8 provides global and regional trends in government data disclosure and examines the results of the report. According to a 2014 survey, there has inequality between regions and countries, but one thing is clear: a country‘s income level is the most common indicator of economic capacity or development, and these indicators affect the development of e-government. However, income indicators do not guarantee e-government development. Some countries succeed in developing e-government even though their income levels are low, while others have not succeeded in e-government development despite their high income levels. South Korea is at its highest level in 2014 with continued leadership and e-government emphasis, while Australia and Singapore are showing significant gains compared to 2012. Europe has the highest e-government level of development, followed by the United States. The aggregates show that investment in telecommunications, human capital and online service delivery is one of the factors contributing to e-government development. The 2014 survey provides a good example of overcoming regional and regional income constraints to achieve significant e-government development, despite the various challenges they face in the three national groups of Least Development Counties (LDCs), Small Island Development Counties (SIDS), and Land-Locked DevelopmentCountries (LDCs). In terms of service delivery, the 2014 survey highlighted e-participation features and open government data initiatives with increased expectations of transparency and participation in public works.

13주차(2)

For the first time in 2014, U.N. member states had national websites, but most countries had low or medium levels of e-government development. Even in the countries with  ICT infrastructure and human resources, it is very difficult to move up to the high level given that stable data sharing, strong data protection and online payment systems are required. Factors other income indicators such as high levels of political support and leadership, enhanced institutional capabilities, public accountability, civic participation and ICT infrastructure are equally important. In terms of the nature of use, while many countries provide users with search tools. but half of the U.N. countries maintain advanced search engines, and only 40 percent of them are able to list their Tags Clouds and ‘hot topics‘ lists. In addition, the potential for short message services(SMS) is not being utilized despite the rapid growth of mobile devices. 2014 survey shows significant changes in the scope of online service delivery. Many countries have an online service index at the low rank of the list, and advances in e-government technology developments are creating a gap between the e-government ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ Improved accessibility to telecommunication infrastructure has made e-government progress easier, but in general, developed countries are outpacing underdeveloped countries. In the future, e-participation, such as social media and crowd-sourcing, can be improved, but due to digital device gaps, only some groups have serious challenges learning and utilizing technology. These opportunities and challenges require effective strategies, including appropriate legal and institutional frameworks and seamless integration of online and offline functions, to create an e-participatory environment. A successful strategy requires a formal and informal approach to civic engagement, and the government is more effective in using platforms or channels that are based on standards than in creating new platforms. Facilitating clear ideas and understanding by integrating online and offline tools and channels helps reach a difficult stage to reach, and governments should encourage participation in topics or issues and provide consistent feedback and information to citizens.

14주차(1)

The challenges of sustainable development have changed and become interdependent over the past few decades, but government agencies and leaders want to address various issues individually, not from a collaborative point of view. At the same time, citizens and businesses want transparent and responsible governance, particularly leveraging ICT to enable effective knowledge management, cooperation and sharing between all governments and sectors across borders. The 2014 survey highlighted more national level cooperation and cooperative public governance as the key to addressing the complex and broad challenges that require an integrated response at the national level, and in this context several factors are needed to develop the government as a whole. First, new forms of collaborative leadership or shared organizational culture are required. Second, new forms of institutional institutions, collaboration and institutional devices should be conjunction with relevant non-public actors to create government-wide, intergovernmental and public value. Third, innovative orchestration and mechanism for service delivery. Citizen participation and empowerment are comprehensively accessible by all groups, including socially vulnerable groups. Fourth, conjunction with this, collaborative mechanisms are required to provide citizen- and user-centric services or engage citizens in crowd-sourcing (crowd participation) and decentralized governance systems in the decision-making process Finally, it is essential to utilize new technologies using appropriate ICT management strategies for advanced cooperation while leveraging other possible factors. It provides an opportunity to transform administration into a collaborative governance system, along with the global spread of the Internet and the cultivation of government ICT applications and human resources. Expectations for easier access to more public information and public services to citizens anytime, any‘where‘ through mobile social media, social media and multichannel services are growing. In 2014, all U.N. member states had the form of an online service system, and the use of email increased slightly between 2012 and 2014, slightly more than two-thirds, but in providing information, email services are likely to continue to grow. In the case of SMS, 80 percent of countries still do not have access to such potential media, and in the case of mobile phones, 1.5 billion smartphones are used worldwide today.

15주차(1)

Between 2012 and 2014, the number of countries offering mobile apps and mobile portals increased to 50 countries, with those countries utilizing mobile technologies to promote economic development, environmental protection and disaster management. Social media and mobile channels generally do not require high investment costs, as they do with consumerization and non-governmental platforms, but corporate innovation and a commitment of strong public administration are needed to maximize profits. In particular, the use of public kiosks rose to 24 in 2012 and 36 in 2014 to remotely use online services for free in areas ‘where‘ ICT is not widely available. The government should find ways to capitalize on the benefits of various channels, increase the use of online services, and easily access them from socially vulnerable groups for social integration. While the initial digital divide focused only on the facilities of related information, the digital gap is now focused on ICT's capabilities or the economy. The digital divide causes social inequality and is rooted in economic and social disparities among countries, groups and individuals. Despite many e-service and online information offerings, efforts to narrow the information gap have yet to yield much. Access to ICT is evolving beyond connectivity issues, but e-government has yet to adequately embrace economic, social, institutional structure and governance networks. In recent, policy providers have focused on the use of new technologies, education and social links, as well as the use of socially vulnerable people in particular. By 2014, 64% of national portal sites or websites provide integrated links to policies, budgets and laws related to the socially vulnerable. One aspect of the digital divide is the gap in e-government use that is related to social characteristics such as income, education and age. Furthermore, as government work moves online, many people may not have jobs, medical services, education and other government services.