Major: Public administration
Student ID: 21108074
Name: Gu Eun Jin

Planning World Cities
Introduction

Since the 1980s the world's major cities were changed 20 years. City Center, city skyline and waterfront development is now London's Docklands waterfront development in Shanghai, Tokyo, and other cities to follow the same path, it is the inevitable happened? The central goal of this book is an essential element of the world's leading global cities based on all moving in the same direction that the question will see. In fact, other cities across the world in response to the economic forces of globalization are very varied. In some cases, they are actively receiving, while the others, review or even steers or facing. 
On the impact of globalization and the city most of the radiation literature, focusing on the United States. Our exploration in the United States as well as Europe and Asia, as well as reporting, Te role of government and a variety of different cultural traditions, including the attitude. As a result, we will open a broad debate. Globalization is a political and policy challenges for the city is set. 
We are looking at how to tackle the problem, the politicians of the city's decision is likely to be formed in the future. However, many city leaders have a limited view of making the city a better competitive edge by focusing on the response to globalization. At the same time residents of the city's politicians are sensitive to the needs and prospects. The global / local interface is managed by the city-level political approach, in terms of our cities to determine the degree of difference between the core elements. Similarities and differences across the city to analyze the world we have the power of globalization and therefore the interaction between the city's response to the political focus. Globalization and world cities is often the formation of a general level, the debate takes place. Proceed with these discussions in order to clarify the differences of opinion, we have the uniqueness of a particular touch from city to city politics and the analysis of specific policies that need to be considered. It is the needs of a wide range of economic pressures and the balance of the work area because it is involved in strategic policies , especially related to urban planning . This book is our London, New York and Tokyo , but eager to pay more attention to the role of the world- Europe, North America and Asia Pacific reported in about 20 different cities , connected to the global economy . We will link the strength of the global plan of the city, is formed by their global role , such as whether to create a powerful force to explore whether there is a need for . According to a similar pattern of change of these cities to other cities difficult to pursue the agenda paper, our focus is on the world's cities we Calcutta, the city of Lagos in Jakarta Mark , for example, the largest city in the world and many of aggregation means not considered . All parts of the world , or we do not cover the city . We have , for example, to connect to the rest of the world , beyond the boundaries of their own nation-state with a limited economic role in Africa and Asia does not include the city . There bungalow in Dubai to finance a global connection, such as computing services within the area such as the city of residence can not deny that there may be. However, the importance of a global definition of the city is the weight of the connection with economic function. Concentrate on the development of the city as one of the world's interest to limit our means. However, this global city in North America, Europe and Asia Pacific are found throughout. This gives us an interesting dimension to compare. In the past, the idea of ​​world cities as Berlin and Vienna, the capital of the empire included. It is linked to the strength of the global economy since the 1980s had is due to the concept took on new meaning.

The framework of global/local governance

Changes in the framework of our cities and the number of steps determined by the interaction of these different levels of fluence on the way to explore the policy options. This at a global level the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (World Bank) and as powerful actors, globalization of the economy works and they have a big impact on the way the nation-state and city policies that affect their loans placed conditions, for example, the state of the global city of Moscow is Russia's economic recovery prospects of international organizations on health depends on a great extent. However, institutions such as the IMF and the U.S. government is sometimes called Washington Consensus, globalization has in certain cases, essentially all of the new global economy, the economy of the country sees the inevitable adaptation. Globalization project is an alternative to their ideological position can be regarded as limiting. And other G7 Economic Summit witnessed by several meetings and demonstrations in recent years to increase their views and actions faced opposition. Civil society has been globalized. Sub-global level, we have the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the European Union (EU) and the Southeast Asian nations (ASEAN) saw the establishment of organizations such as the Association. The organization is to coordinate regional economic policy issues in recent years up to be. Their high level of nation-states in the region, some of sovereignty announced. However, there are significant differences between the regional organizations. EU is most policies that work across a wide range of areas of validity will be developed. They state / market relationship is quite different from the way other people think, is more restrictive trade issues Characteristics at the national level, the debate on a change of state is the importance of the work we have . Country planning activities that are generally depending on the state of the reconstruction will be affected greatly by the . We have already been mentioned, state , regional, and local level, the role of the state , including the interaction between the governance our framework is a key feature . Thus, the interaction changes taking place in the way that this works is an important concern. Globalization debate is a discussion of the future of the nation-state to be included in discussions . Some authors have seen and we argue that the decline of the role . On the other hand, international treaties, international pressure on the welfare state intervention and planning systems in European countries certainly negotiated by the state . Global and local governments to the local level upwards some distributed some of the functions of state restructuring, some authors prefer to talk about . Some new nations can act . This process is clearly distributed decision-making power is the central issue is to determine how the city affects the strategic planning agenda . This process is not without controversy announced For example, in 2000 the London mayoral election is exposed to political conflict . Urban governance is the city's approach to strategic planning is the key to understanding . The priority areas of the plan expressed through politics . However, local governments and other public organizations do not have the manpower for free . Other concerns of the city government , and some international companies , for example, the priority of the urban problems of the world economy in order to accommodate global forces will be to persuade politicians . On the other hand, the social movement in the opposite situation may arise . Strategic planning decisions in some cities, this conflict can be played out on stage is provided. The city is the degree to which civil society is active and available in a range of opportunities to participate may be different. Urban planning priority of interest and the interaction between the field were not confined to the city government . City government itself is influenced by a wide range of pressures. These are the political, economic, environmental and cultural resources can be derived from. City politics is national, regional and global political and interact. Impact on local economic interests pursuing the agenda of most of the works in a wide range of levels. Under most circumstances, the pressure comes from beyond the city itself, the environmental lobby is working on a global scale. Cultural traditions can have a significant impact on priorities and decide how decisions are in the city. Therefore we fully affected areas of political and external forces infringe upon it all the way to explore and understand the strategic planning agenda.

The strategic urban planning agenda

In earlier times, such as the imperial capital city of the world, conscious of its role in the modern world economy. 'World city' widespread public policy and urban marketing, used in the investigation of city leaders. Cities in the world to widely recognized as a competitive advantage. 
Globalization of the economy vulnerable to economic trends in the city if all the world's cities will be in a better position, and the state of the world is drawn into the city. We have this understanding of economic globalization to dominate the policy agenda of the city to look at how often. It may be the economic benefits of world cities, may be a potential downside. 
Economic competitiveness of the economy driven by globalization and public policy in this book some of the world cities of the global pressure and local conditions set in the context of the analysis of urban planning. It is the policy of the city to form a political force and gives special attention. 
We are the similarities and differences between different approaches to urban planning and want to find the cause. The power of the existing world economic development of the city along the same path all the cities of the state of the world's essential cities, many cities see marketing-mix of competition, whether local mobilization of the city's assets and, if there is a difference. What is the power behind these differences, and institutions, and for the selection of the neo-liberal idea of ​​equality across the world were in the ascendant, this process of globalization presents a particular point of view. Economic analysts say the environmental impact of urban congestion and overheating, increased social polarization in the claims. Environmental and social point of view, for example, may form a city plan, but we also have a global / local link of the other analysis methods are of interest. 
Our strategic plan is to have the views of a particular approach to the globalization of the city to provide an important indicator of the reaction . Planning approach to the governance of cities included in the institutional structures and processes . The city-state of Singapore government agencies associated with high levels of political experience of European cities provides a very different context . The political economy of globalization, the power of the city and potentially filtering stage has produced a different policy approach . We are a world to explore the city's political context of policy making and strategic planning role of the various interested agencies will identify with . Our approach to strategic planning for globalization through the lens of different attitudes about other ways to manifest and examine the reasons for the change . We clarify the meaning of the city plan a strategic need to be . Strategic planning is generally more modest . We mean by strategic urban planning policy that takes precedence over the entire city . Second, we have a spatial dimension , and for specific geographical area within the city policy is concerned with meaning .

Comparing world cities : our approach

Comparative study of the account is always a simple explanation on how to avoid parallel requires careful attention . Compare the best way for the development of urban studies in the literature have . Interest here approach one problem is the conclusion of the study is whether influencing . For example, if a city's unique cultural and historical situation of the city was focused approach focuses on the impact of the global economy than one conclusion is likely to vary . Our approach to the way we weave together , and global forces and local officials and the general condition of specific elements of both can be combined can be pursued .
Compare our framework is the structural context of economic globalization begins. We have a structured approach to comparative studies of urban policy of the government and help steer the direction of the actors in the political and cultural factors, the difference between the different roles in the integration of the understanding is good . However, global forces are not so easily distinguished from local forces . In this book, we make a difference in the world and the city state and in other cities can allow different paths of history, culture, together with an understanding of the process of regional economic impact of a comprehensive survey of the competition framework , which allows we set the literature than those occurring in a part of the similarities and differences can occur. The multidimensional factors of the change in approach and exposure between cities to do, but at the same time we also weaves together a wide range of global world city officials do not want to lose the framework . Integrated approach across the range of the city's focus on the management of world cities to set ambitious , but also produces a range of extensive debate .
 For example, the integration of urban policy in the face of globalization offer the people . Especially in European cities , usually in New York as necessarily representing Asia World City model, or drawing on the characteristics of their local convergence availability will be a discussion of whether it should be . New York , London, Tokyo, and select cities in each region in our towns and dozens of major cities in each case, a detailed review of the research to cover the three regions . Select the range shown in the strategic planning study, we have the difference between the area in dispute may be contributed . Our approach to the forces of economic globalization in the direction taken by the new term for the past 20 years because it chose to explore . Economic competitiveness of cities and the world about the state of the city began to appear when a specific problem , we return to the 1980s . West and east of the dual- world system is the concept of globalization has relevance and stopped by the end of the 1980s appeared in more academic and policy discourse . Global and regional economic city to them, the effect of the pressure change adaptation and to answer questions about how to focus on the present rather than just 20 years ago, and we have a different point of view can draw on the literature and the frame of the debate approach to urban planning within the framework of strategic forces that are seeking to form . The structure of the framework of our globalized world, and the governance of the city is built around three elements . We have several ways to navigate through these elements . 
First, each one is exposed to a lot of opinions, debate and discuss the differences between this need to be included . 
Secondly, a key element of the framework will be linked . Third, the elements of strategic planning activities relevant to a particular draw . Chapters 2 and 3 explore these aspects for the rest of this book is dedicated to the development of a conceptual framework . 
Chapter 2 deals with the literature of economic globalization and examine different interpretations and views . Then go to the World Urban debate . In this chapter, we formed the city since the 1980s, focuses on the forces . This change in characteristics and economic power in the economic and spatial structure of the city itself to examine the impact of crazy . This extensive powers of the city's built environment was to make some dramatic changes . Governance and Policies Chapter 3 explores the debate over .
How can we force mentioned in Chapter 2, or the shape that you can manipulate, global and regional agreements with international organizations and the changing nature of the nation-state and city governments are facing new pressures of governance through geographic expansion the report includes the change characteristics. Important dimension of the responsibility and authority between the two levels is the way to go. Chapter 4-12 of the city to explore and plan for our own sub-global regions, North America, Europe and Asia Pacific chord divided according to the three-part approach to exploration.